Can the U.S. learn from Africa’s bold initiatives? And what role should leadership play in steering the country toward a more sustainable future? This article explores the successes of African nations, the challenges facing America, and the critical policy shifts needed for lasting change.

Africa’s Success Stories in Waste Management

While Africa is often depicted as struggling with waste disposal, several nations have demonstrated that strong policies and leadership can drive real transformation.

Rwanda: A Clean Revolution Through Strict Plastic Bans

Rwanda has earned recognition as one of Africa’s cleanest nations, largely due to its progressive waste management policies. In 2008, the government imposed a nationwide ban on plastic bags, significantly reducing pollution and improving urban cleanliness. Coupled with rigorous enforcement and public education, Kigali now stands as one of the world’s cleanest capitals (UNEP, 2022).

South Africa: Building a Thriving Recycling Industry

South Africa boasts one of the continent’s most advanced recycling industries. Extensive waste separation programs, community-based recycling initiatives, and financial incentives for companies using recycled materials have driven up recycling rates and reduced landfill dependency (WWF, 2021).

Kenya: A Model for Plastic Waste Reduction

Following Rwanda’s lead, Kenya implemented a strict plastic ban in 2017, which led to cleaner streets, healthier ecosystems, and increased public awareness. The World Bank (2023) reports a significant decrease in plastic waste pollution, demonstrating the effectiveness of stringent regulations.

Ethiopia: Waste-to-Energy Innovation

Ethiopia has taken an innovative approach by converting waste into energy. The Reppie waste-to-energy plant processes 1,400 tonnes of waste daily, reducing landfill waste while providing a renewable energy source (African Development Bank, 2022).

These success stories demonstrate that with decisive leadership and strong policy direction, effective waste management is possible. Yet, while Africa takes bold steps, the U.S. remains entangled in a deepening waste crisis.

America’s Waste Management Crisis: The Urgent Need for Reform

Despite being one of the world’s most developed nations, the United States continues to struggle with waste management. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports the following alarming statistics:

• Total Waste Generated: 292 million tons annually (EPA, 2021)
• Recycling Rate: 32.1% (EPA, 2021)
• Landfilled Waste: 146 million tons (EPA, 2021)
• Plastic Waste Recycling Rate: 9% (National Waste & Recycling Association, 2022)
• Annual Plastic Waste Exported: 1.37 million tons (Greenpeace, 2023)

Adding to these challenges, China’s 2018 National Sword policy banned the import of contaminated foreign recyclables, disrupting the U.S. recycling market and increasing landfill dependency. Without urgent intervention, America risks further environmental degradation and economic inefficiencies.

I have outlined a roadmap for waste management in the U.S. To tackle the crisis, the U.S. must adopt a comprehensive strategy that prioritizes domestic recycling infrastructure, regulatory reform, and economic incentives as described below;

1. Investing in Domestic Recycling Infrastructure

• Modernising recycling plants and developing waste-to-energy facilities can reduce reliance on landfills and foreign processing (Department of Energy, 2022).
• Strengthening waste-to-energy initiatives ensures that waste is repurposed rather than discarded (American Chemistry Council, 2023).

2. Standardizing National Recycling Policies

• A unified national recycling framework can eliminate inconsistencies across states, streamlining waste processing (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2023).
• Improved regulatory oversight can reduce contamination in recyclable materials, increasing efficiency (EPA, 2022).

3. Developing Markets for Recycled Materials

• Offering financial incentives to businesses prioritising recycled materials can stimulate a circular economy (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2023).
• Encouraging the use of recycled content in American-made products can reduce landfill dependency while boosting economic growth (Recycling Market Development Centre, 2022).

The Global Impact: Lessons and Leadership

If the U.S. strengthens its waste management system, it has an opportunity to collaborate with African nations and other global players in advancing sustainability. By sharing technology, policy frameworks, and investment strategies, America can contribute to a global movement toward effective waste reduction.

Global Waste Comparison (World Bank, 2022)

The U.S. waste crisis demands immediate attention. By investing in infrastructure, standardising regulations, and fostering innovation, America can transform its waste management challenges into economic and environmental opportunities. Some African nations have proven that strong leadership can drive meaningful change—now it’s time for the U.S. to rise to the challenge and take decisive action.

The question remains: Will the U.S. seize this moment and redefine its waste management legacy? The answer will shape the future of global sustainability for decades to come.

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In the United States, water pollution is closer to home than many realise. Over 97 million Americans consume drinking water containing harmful, unregulated chemicals, many of which are inadequately addressed by current policies. The Anacostia River in Washington, D.C., has endured over 150 years of industrial pollution, symbolising a nationwide problem affecting waterways from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean. Contaminants from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and chemical spills continue to infiltrate water systems due to insufficient regulation and enforcement, placing countless communities at risk.

The United Kingdom faces similar challenges. Despite its reputation for strong environmental policies, water pollution remains a significant issue. Agricultural runoff, untreated sewage, and chemical pollutants plague the country’s rivers, once the backbone of its industrial growth. In 2020, nearly 40% of UK rivers were classified as being in poor ecological health, according to the Environment Agency. Outdated infrastructure and underinvestment in wastewater treatment exacerbate the problem, leading to the discharge of millions of litres of untreated sewage annually. This pollution threatens public health and biodiversity, pushing species such as fish and aquatic insects toward extinction.

Across Africa, the water crisis is even more severe. Over 500 million people live in water-insecure regions, where access to clean water is a luxury rather than a basic right. Rivers and streams, vital for families and farmers, are increasingly contaminated with untreated sewage and industrial waste. This pollution not only jeopardises human health but also disrupts agricultural productivity and biodiversity. In rural areas, waterborne diseases like cholera and typhoid remain rampant, while urban centers struggle with poor waste management. In Nigeria, oil spills have devastated ecosystems, rendering water sources undrinkable and creating ecological dead zones.

The causes of water pollution are diverse and interconnected. Industrial facilities discharge untreated waste into rivers and lakes, while agriculture contributes to nutrient-laden runoff from fertilisers, pesticides, and animal waste. This runoff fuels algal blooms, depleting oxygen in the water and creating “dead zones” inhospitable to aquatic life. Compounding the problem is the growing threat of plastic pollution. Each year, millions of tonnes of plastic enter waterways, breaking down into microplastics that infiltrate ecosystems and even human bodies. These particles have been found in oceans, rivers, and drinking water, raising concerns about their long-term health and environmental impacts.

Despite these challenges, solutions are within reach. Technological innovations are providing new ways to combat water pollution. For instance, floating treatment wetlands in Nepal are effectively removing heavy metals and nitrates from lakes using low-cost, locally sourced materials. Such initiatives could be adapted for resource-constrained regions like Africa, where affordability and simplicity are key.

In the United States, progress is being made to address persistent pollutants like PFAS—dubbed “forever chemicals” for their resistance to degradation. Advanced filtration technologies and stricter regulations, such as the Environmental Protection Agency’s new PFAS limits in drinking water, represent steps forward. However, success depends on robust enforcement and equitable funding to ensure these solutions reach vulnerable communities.

In the UK, public awareness and political will are crucial to reversing the damage to waterways. Momentum is growing for initiatives to reduce single-use plastics and upgrade sewage treatment infrastructure. With sustained investment and time, improved wastewater systems and sustainable agricultural practices could mitigate the pollution crisis.

Global collaboration is essential. International agreements, such as a treaty on plastic pollution, could lead to meaningful reductions in plastic production and the elimination of harmful additives. Since water pollution transcends borders, collective efforts are crucial to addressing its impacts downstream.

Leadership at all levels is pivotal. Political leaders in Africa, for example, have the opportunity to prioritise water security by investing in wastewater treatment plants, supporting community clean-up efforts, and fostering public-private partnerships. Similarly, public education campaigns can empower communities to adopt sustainable practices and safeguard water resources.

The global water pollution crisis is a shared challenge, transcending borders and cultures. While the severity of its impacts varies, the message is clear: water, the lifeblood of our planet, is under threat. Addressing this crisis requires a multifaceted approach that blends innovation, regulation, and community engagement. With collective effort and unwavering commitment, we can turn the tide against water pollution, ensuring a healthier and more sustainable future for generations to come.

Dr. Joshua Rufus Abadi is a renowned environmental engineer specializing in water contamination. He has provided consultancy on oil spills in Nigeria and has spearheaded the EU WasClean project. Additionally, he collaborates with the University of Southampton and the University of Brighton, and leads environmental initiatives for Inspired Grace Healthcare.

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The Impact of Cyclone Chido on Mayotte

Cyclone Chido, which made landfall on 14 December, brought with it devastating winds reaching 250 km/h (155 mph), categorising it as a fierce Category 4 hurricane. Alongside these destructive winds, the cyclone dumped torrential rains, recording 176 mm of rainfall in just 12 hours, and generated waves up to 5 metres high, submerging coastal areas. Data from the World Meteorological Organisation confirms the magnitude of the storm’s impact on the region.

READ ALSO: COP26: Cyclone Idai’s devastation reveals the brutal impact of climate emergency

Loss of Life and Human Suffering

The immediate toll of the storm was staggering, with at least 35 confirmed fatalities, and fears that the real number may be higher as rescue teams continue their operations. Many homes were swept away, communities displaced, and vital infrastructure rendered unusable. The storm’s victims, already vulnerable due to socio-economic challenges, found themselves facing a dire humanitarian crisis. Reports from the Associated Press highlight the severe conditions survivors are enduring, with many lacking shelter, food, and clean water.

Infrastructure and Economic Devastation

Cyclone Chido left a significant mark on Mayotte’s infrastructure. Key facilities, including the island’s airport, hospitals, and government buildings, were either severely damaged or destroyed. The island’s electrical grid was crippled, and telecommunications were interrupted, making it difficult for authorities to coordinate an effective response. As noted by ReliefWeb, roads and bridges were also damaged, preventing aid from reaching isolated communities. This disruption has far-reaching implications for Mayotte’s economic stability, as sectors like agriculture and tourism, which the island depends on, are now heavily impacted.

Healthcare Crisis and Overwhelmed Systems

The healthcare system, already strained due to the island’s limited resources, was overwhelmed by the influx of casualties. Hospitals, operating at half of their usual capacity, struggled to accommodate all the injured and sick. With medical supplies running low and insufficient medical staff to manage the rising number of patients, the crisis deepened. Temporary medical stations were set up, and international medical teams offered vital support, as reported by the Disaster Philanthropy Foundation.

Mayotte’s Response and the Power of Community Resilience

Despite the overwhelming challenges, the people of Mayotte have demonstrated remarkable resilience. Local communities have come together to assist one another, sharing limited resources, providing shelter, and distributing food and medical supplies to those most in need. This spirit of solidarity underscores the strength and unity of the island’s residents, who are determined to rebuild their homes and lives. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies has commended the collective response of the island’s inhabitants.

International aid has played a crucial role in addressing immediate needs. The French government, alongside humanitarian organisations, has mobilised resources such as airlifts of food, water, and medical supplies. Relief teams have worked around the clock to restore basic services and assist with the recovery process, according to an article by Reuters.

Global and Regional Responses to the Crisis

France’s Efforts and Regional Solidarity

As a French overseas department, Mayotte has received significant assistance from the French government. In the aftermath of the disaster, President Emmanuel Macron visited the island and pledged support for infrastructure restoration and affected communities. French government efforts have included dispatching rescue teams, medical personnel, and equipment to aid in the ongoing recovery. Reuters reported that this mobilisation is part of a broader effort to help Mayotte rebuild in a more resilient manner, aiming to mitigate future storm impacts.

Regionally, the African Union (AU), though Mayotte is not a member, has expressed solidarity with the island. The AU has offered support for the ongoing relief efforts, and countries like the Comoros, with geographical and cultural ties to Mayotte, have been at the forefront of coordinating assistance. ReliefWeb has highlighted the close cooperation between the Comorian government and international partners in ensuring that aid reaches the most affected areas.

In addition, Madagascar, another island nation in the Indian Ocean, has offered valuable assistance. The Malagasy government sent teams to Mayotte, contributing technical expertise in disaster management and aiding in the restoration of essential services, reports ReliefWeb. This collaboration exemplifies the importance of regional partnerships in addressing the effects of natural disasters.

Moreover, Mozambique, which was also affected by Cyclone Chido, has shared resources and information with Mayotte to improve the effectiveness of relief operations. This mutual support between nations highlights the spirit of regional solidarity during times of crisis (according to data from ReliefWeb).

Influence of Human Activities and Climate Change on Cyclone Disasters

The severity and frequency of natural disasters like Cyclone Chido are increasingly linked to human activities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has emphasised that human-induced climate change is a major driver of extreme weather events worldwide. The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial practices contribute to rising global temperatures, which in turn lead to warmer ocean waters, higher sea levels, and more intense storms (IPCC).

The Role of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The overwhelming reliance on fossil fuels for energy production is a significant contributor to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases, including carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), trap heat, leading to global warming. This warming causes ocean temperatures to rise, providing more energy for cyclones and storms to intensify, thus making them more frequent and destructive. This was clearly outlined in reports from the IPCC, which link rising ocean temperatures directly to stronger cyclones.

Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Vulnerabilities

Sea-level rise, a consequence of global warming, increases the risk of storm surges during cyclones, especially in low-lying coastal areas like Mayotte. As polar ice melts and thermal expansion causes water to expand, sea levels continue to rise, making coastal cities and communities more vulnerable to flooding and erosion. According to IPCC data, Mayotte faces a heightened risk of such flooding, which exacerbates the impacts of cyclones.

The Case of Other Cyclone-Impacted Regions and Continents

Mayotte is not alone in facing the heightened risk of cyclonic activity. Other regions across Africa and the world are experiencing the same increasing frequency of tropical storms and cyclones.

Mozambique: Cyclone Freddy, which struck Mozambique in early 2024, left widespread devastation, with floods and landslides displacing tens of thousands of people and causing significant loss of life. According to reports from the BBC, Mozambique and other Southern African countries are becoming hotspots for extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change.

Madagascar: In the past two decades, Madagascar has been struck by numerous tropical cyclones. In 2023, the island suffered from Cyclone Cheneso, which displaced over 100,000 people and left many regions without power for weeks. BBC noted how Madagascar’s vulnerability reflects the struggles faced by countries with weak infrastructure and limited resources during extreme weather events.

Hurricane Season in the Atlantic: Across the Atlantic, the United States, the Caribbean, and parts of Central America also experienced a record number of cyclones during the 2024 season. Areas like Louisiana, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas have increasingly been hit by powerful storms, such as Hurricane Laura and Hurricane Dorian, whose impacts were compounded by rising sea levels and intensifying storms, as reported by CNN.

The Need for Long-Term Action Against Cyclones

As global leaders continue to respond to the immediate humanitarian needs brought on by Cyclone Chido, a sustained effort to mitigate future risks is essential. This includes investing in climate change mitigation strategies, increasing resilience in vulnerable communities, and strengthening global cooperation on disaster preparedness.

Resilience and Adaptation: Governments, particularly in vulnerable regions, must prioritise resilient infrastructure and adaptive strategies to protect their populations from future disasters. This includes building flood-resistant infrastructure, developing early-warning systems, and fostering climate-resilient agricultural practices. Reports by the World Bank stress the importance of such measures in safeguarding vulnerable communities.

International Cooperation: Climate change is a global problem that requires a unified response. Nations must work together to implement stronger climate policies, reduce emissions, and support adaptation efforts in the most vulnerable regions. The Paris Agreement on climate change marks progress, but, as the United Nations points out, more action is needed to meet ambitious targets for reducing global warming.

The destruction caused by Cyclone Chido in Mayotte serves as a stark reminder of the growing impact of climate-related disasters. While the resilience shown by the island’s residents and the international community’s response is commendable, the increasing frequency and intensity of such storms demand a collective, long-term solution. By tackling the root causes of climate change and investing in sustainable, resilient infrastructure, we can better protect vulnerable communities worldwide and build a future where people, regardless of location, can thrive in the face of natural disasters.

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In 2023, Africa hosted approximately 30% of the world’s refugees—a staggering figure that reveals the continent’s generosity amidst its own challenges. As conflicts intensify worldwide, Africa has become the largest refugee-hosting region, providing shelter to millions who would otherwise have nowhere to turn.

READ ALSO: AU Seeks to Extend Asylum Agreement with Rwanda for Asylum Seekers

Africa’s Burden

Despite grappling with political instability, economic difficulties, and the impacts of climate change, African nations have maintained open borders to accommodate refugees. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), over 18 million refugees and asylum seekers resided in Africa by the end of 2023. Many of these individuals fled conflicts in neighbouring regions, including Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and the Central African Republic (CAR).

In countries such as Uganda, the refugee population exceeded 1.5 million by 2023, making it one of the world’s largest refugee-hosting nations. Ethiopia also stands out as a major host, accommodating over 900,000 refugees, primarily from Eritrea, Somalia, and South Sudan. Similarly, Kenya provides sanctuary to over 500,000 refugees, predominantly from Somalia and South Sudan, despite limited resources and overcrowded conditions.

Africa as a Lifeboat in a Stormy Sea

The metaphor of Africa as a lifeboat navigating turbulent seas aptly captures the continent’s role in the refugee crisis. Just as a lifeboat offers shelter from a storm, African countries extend their hands to those escaping the fury of conflict. However, the growing refugee population places immense strain on these nations’ infrastructures and social systems. For instance, Kenya’s Dadaab and Kakuma refugee camps rank among the largest in the world, housing refugees in overcrowded conditions. Despite these challenges, African nations continue to demonstrate unparalleled compassion by providing vital resources.

Kenya’s Commitment to Refugees

As of 31 May 2024, Kenya hosted 774,370 refugees and asylum seekers. This population comprises 561,060 (72%) refugees and 213,310 (28%) asylum seekers. Compared with April 2024, the population increased by 4,145 individuals, largely due to new arrivals from South Sudan, Burundi, the DRC, Somalia, and Ethiopia, as well as the resumption of registration in Dadaab.

By 31 May 2024, Dadaab’s population stood at 382,658 individuals. Kakuma’s registered population reached 288,206, including 212,283 in Kakuma Camp, 73,786 in Kalobeyei settlement, and 2,137 in Eldoret. Meanwhile, the registered population in urban areas such as Nairobi, Mombasa, and Nakuru totalled 103,506.

In 2023, the Kenyan government, alongside organisations such as the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and UNHCR, prioritised providing education, healthcare, and vocational training for refugees. More importantly, Kenya fostered the integration of refugees into local communities by granting access to farmland and enabling children to attend local schools. This inclusive approach allows refugees to rebuild their lives rather than remain in a state of limbo.

By the end of May 2024, 568 individuals were assisted in voluntarily returning to their countries of origin, while 751 refugees were resettled in various nations, bringing the cumulative resettlement total to 1,575 for the year. Additionally, 624 cases were closed or inactivated due to reasons such as spontaneous departures, deaths, or data corrections.

Africa’s Open-Border Policies: A Lesson for the World

Africa’s approach to hosting refugees offers valuable lessons for other regions, particularly Europe, which has increasingly tightened its borders. As mass migration continues from war-torn regions such as Syria and Afghanistan, European countries have adopted restrictive asylum policies, leading to overcrowded camps and perilous journeys across the Mediterranean. In contrast, Africa’s open-border policies highlight that compassion and solidarity can prevail even under challenging circumstances.

Uganda, for example, has implemented a progressive refugee policy that allows refugees to own land and settle within local communities. This policy, which restores dignity and promotes self-sufficiency among refugees, has been globally praised. By 2023, Uganda hosted over 1.5 million refugees, mainly from South Sudan, and is regarded as a world leader in refugee policy. Such initiatives make a compelling case for why other nations should adopt similar inclusive practices as global migration trends evolve.

The Road Ahead

While Africa’s leadership in hosting refugees is commendable, the continent faces significant challenges. Ongoing conflicts in Sudan, Somalia, and the Sahel region have led to rising numbers of asylum seekers, placing immense pressure on already strained resources. According to the UNHCR, over 4 million people from Sudan alone were displaced by 2023.

Climate change further exacerbates the refugee crisis. Increasingly frequent droughts and floods are creating a surge in environmental refugees, demanding innovative solutions and international collaboration. Sustainable funding and infrastructure support from the global community are essential to ensure African nations can continue their vital work. The responsibility of hosting displaced populations must be shared equitably worldwide.

As conflicts and displacement persist, other regions, particularly Europe and North America, must learn from Africa’s example. By prioritising compassion and inclusivity, Africa has shown that integrating refugees is not only feasible but also beneficial to local communities. The world must embrace policies that uphold human dignity and solidarity, drawing inspiration from Africa’s resilience in the face of adversity.

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“We will use this moment to bring the development priorities of the African continent and the Global South more firmly onto the agenda of the G20,” Ramaphosa said.

The presidency, which begins on 1 December 2024, signifies South Africa’s rising prominence in global diplomacy and its capacity to shape global discussions on pressing issues.

READ ALSO:http://Africa’s G20 Membership: Gain or Mere Symbolism?

The G20 and Africa’s Place in It

The G20, established in 1999, was created to bring together the world’s major economies to address global economic challenges and promote international financial stability. South Africa joined the G20 that same year, representing the interests of Africa in a group primarily dominated by wealthier nations. Its membership symbolised a recognition of Africa’s growing economic significance and the need for more diverse representation on global platforms.

Over the years, South Africa has played a crucial role in advocating for equitable policies that benefit the Global South. Now, as it assumes the presidency, South Africa steps into a leadership role, bringing Africa’s priorities to the forefront of the global agenda.

Handover from Brazil to South Africa

The transition from Brazil to South Africa occurred at the G20 Leaders’ Summit in Rio de Janeiro. President Cyril Ramaphosa, in his acceptance speech, underscored the importance of this historic moment, highlighting Africa’s potential as a contributor to global solutions. “South Africa’s G20 Presidency is not only a testament to our nation’s capabilities but also a beacon of hope for the entire African continent,” he stated.

The handover reflects a symbolic shift towards greater inclusion of emerging economies in global governance. Under Brazil’s presidency, the G20 focused on sustainable development, combating hunger, and fostering partnerships. South Africa has vowed to build on this foundation while amplifying Africa’s unique challenges and opportunities on the global stage.

Priorities of South Africa’s G20 Presidency

President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that South Africa has adopted the G20 Presidency theme of ‘Solidarity, Equality, and Sustainability,’ focusing on advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Pact for the Future.

He emphasised the urgency of achieving the SDGs by 2030, noting that solidarity is vital, especially in addressing the hardships faced in conflict zones like Gaza, Sudan, and Ukraine. The presidency will also prioritise public health concerns, including pandemics and the worsening m-pox outbreaks in Africa, urging global cooperation and action to protect vulnerable communities.

The President highlighted the critical need to tackle inequality, which threatens global stability and economic growth. He drew attention to unjust disparities in wealth, the lack of sustainable financing for climate action, and the crippling debt burden that undermines developmental goals in many countries. South Africa’s leadership will ensure that Africa’s development priorities and the Global South’s agenda take centre stage, addressing issues like debt relief and capacity building for sustainable development.

South Africa’s G20 Presidency will advance three high-level priorities: inclusive economic growth, Industrialisation, employment and inequality; food security; and artificial intelligence and innovation for sustainable development. Approximately 130 G20 meetings will be hosted across the nation, fostering collaboration with member countries, multilateral institutions, and invited guests to shape a transformative agenda for the year ahead.

A Voice for Africa

President Ramaphosa has reiterated that South Africa’s presidency is not just a national victory but a milestone for Africa as a whole. The presidency provides a platform to showcase African solutions to global problems, reinforcing Africa’s role as a partner rather than a beneficiary in international affairs.

South Africa’s role is to ensure that African issues, from food insecurity to technological innovation, are prioritised. Ramaphosa emphasised, “This presidency will serve as a clarion call for global solidarity in solving the most pressing challenges of our time.”

South Africa inherits a complex global landscape marked by economic disparities, geopolitical tensions, and climate crises. Balancing these issues while ensuring Africa’s interests are not overshadowed will be a delicate act. However, with its deep ties to both the Global South and the Western world, South Africa is uniquely positioned to mediate and advocate for balanced outcomes.

South Africa’s presidency of the G20 marks a transformative chapter in the continent’s history. For the first time, an African country will lead one of the world’s most influential economic forums. As the nation takes the reins, it carries the hopes of a continent eager to demonstrate its leadership on the global stage.

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In September 2023, the African Union (AU) was granted a permanent seat at the prestigious G20 table. This achievement signals Africa’s readiness to influence global priorities and engage in international discussions on critical challenges like climate change, debt relief, and equitable taxation. But, does this development promise transformative gains, or is it merely a symbolic gesture?

The Long-Awaited Seat

For decades, Africa’s voice in global economic affairs has been overshadowed by the dominance of larger economies. With its permanent membership in the G20, Africa finally has a platform to engage with the world’s most powerful economies.

READ ALSO:http://COP29: Africa’s notes from Baku

Representing over 1.4 billion people and 54 nations, the AU’s inclusion grants the continent an opportunity to advocate for fairer financial reforms. At the 2024 G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro, African leaders highlighted issues central to their citizens, including debt restructuring and climate finance. This hints at a future where Africa not only participates but takes a leading role in shaping the global agenda. As South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa eloquently stated at the summit’s closing ceremony: “The inclusion of the African Union as a permanent member of the G20 signals a significant moment in our continent’s history. It affirms the importance of Africa’s voice in tackling global challenges and advancing shared prosperity.”

With South Africa as the only individual G20 member from the continent, this new role also serves as a precursor to its presidency of the G20 in 2025.

Symbolism or Substance?

Does this G20 membership a genuine leap forward, or is it a decorative accolade? Critics argue that the G20 has historically prioritised consensus over action, raising doubts about the practical outcomes of Africa’s inclusion.

Nevertheless, it is true symbolism that matters. For Africa, being part of the G20 is more than just optics—it’s about rewriting the narrative of exclusion and showing the world that the continent has the capacity to drive change.

Nigerian President Bola Ahmed Tinubu captured this sentiment during his G20 address, saying:

“Our invitation to the G20 is a signal that Africa has transitioned from being a side character in the story of the world to becoming one of its lead actors. We are here to contribute meaningfully to solutions, not just to partake in discussions.”

A Rising Tide or a Gentle Ripple?

The African Union’s presence at the G20 provides a stronger platform to address urgent issues like debt sustainability. As of 2024, Africa holds over $700 billion in external debt, with nations like Zambia and Ghana navigating tumultuous debt restructures. Through the G20, African leaders are pushing for debt relief frameworks that alleviate long-term economic burdens.

Additionally, Africa’s vulnerability to climate change has made climate finance a rallying cry. Leaders like South Africa’s President Cyril Ramaphosa have called for the fulfilment of the $100 billion annual climate finance pledge, which remains a distant promise. President Tinubu emphasised this in Rio, urging the G20 to take decisive action: “For too long, the burden of debt has crushed our dreams. Debt relief must go beyond restructuring; it must be a pathway to sustainable development, allowing us to focus on building industries, educating our people, and addressing poverty.”

The G20’s recent debt suspension framework offers some hope, but African leaders will need to ensure that such policies lead to tangible outcomes.

South Africa’s G20 Presidency

South Africa’s upcoming G20 presidency in 2025 presents a golden opportunity to champion Africa’s agenda on the global stage. As the only African nation to hold individual G20 membership, South Africa will focus on poverty eradication, tackling inequality, and ensuring fair energy transitions. President Ramaphosa laid the groundwork for this vision in Rio, saying:

“South Africa’s presidency of the G20 will focus on the needs of the Global South, ensuring that Africa’s priorities are at the forefront of the international agenda. Together, we can build a more equitable and sustainable world.”

A Seat at the Table

Africa’s inclusion is a cause for celebration, but it comes with the weight of responsibility. While Nigeria was invited as an observer to the 2024 Summit, this limited participation highlights the need for coordinated leadership. Africa must arrive at the G20 with unified strategies that translate aspirations into actionable plans.

President Tinubu’s call to action serves as a reminder of what is at stake:

“Africa must rise as a united force, not as a fragmented collection of states. This is our moment to rewrite the rules of engagement and demand a fairer global order.”

Turning Symbolism into Reality

Africa’s G20 membership is not an endpoint; it is the beginning of a journey. The challenge lies in ensuring that this symbolic victory translates into real, measurable progress. From equitable trade policies to innovative solutions for energy transitions, Africa’s leaders must use this platform to drive a renaissance that benefits not just the continent but the world. In the words of President Ramaphosa: “The future of Africa is the future of the world. Together, we will chart a path to shared prosperity, leaving no one behind.”

Africa’s G20 membership is both a symbolic victory and a stepping stone toward tangible gains. While challenges abound, the continent now has the stage to amplify its voice and steer the global narrative. Whether this new role will translate into real, measurable outcomes depends on Africa’s ability to capitalize on this historic opportunity.

As the world watches, Africa must transform its symbolic seat into a powerful platform for change, proving that the giant has not just woken but is ready to lead.

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Migration has long been integral to Africa’s socio-political landscape, with movements across regions driven by wars, famines, colonial legacies, and economic disparities. However, the 21st century has brought significant shifts in African migration patterns. Between 2017 and 2021, over 30 million Africans were living abroad, a number that continues to grow as pressures on African societies intensify and global demand for skilled workers increases.

Globally, international migration has risen steadily. According to the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), approximately 281 million international migrants were recorded in 2020, equating to 3.6% of the world’s population. This figure represents an increase of 128 million since 1990 and has more than tripled since 1970.

While Africa has traditionally been a source of migration to the Middle East and Europe, intra-African migration is on the rise, particularly in regions such as West and East Africa. This shift is largely driven by the pursuit of economic opportunities and the growing integration of African economies under frameworks such as the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).

Drivers of Migration in Africa

Africa’s rapidly growing population is a major push factor, with an estimated 10–12 million young people entering the workforce annually. Many seek better prospects abroad due to limited opportunities at home. The World Bank highlights climate change as another critical driver, with desertification in regions like the Sahel and unpredictable flooding in coastal areas forcing people to relocate. By 2050, climate change could account for up to 10% of cross-border migration in Africa.

Environmental crises in countries such as Somalia, Ethiopia, and Sudan continue to displace millions. Meanwhile, ongoing conflicts and political instability, from the Sudanese crisis to unrest in South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Somalia, are generating significant numbers of displaced persons. The IOM reports that these conflicts have led to dramatic increases in cross-border displacement, intensifying migration pressures.

Africa’s Role in Shaping Global Migration Policies

Africa is increasingly asserting its influence in global migration discussions. The African Union’s Agenda 2063, which envisions economic and political integration across the continent, includes strategies to manage migration in ways that benefit both origin and destination countries. African leaders have also emphasised the economic benefits of migration, such as remittances, which contributed over $50 billion in 2020 alone. These funds provide vital income for many African households, reframing migration as an opportunity rather than a challenge.

African diplomacy is also shaping global migration policies, particularly in negotiations with Europe. While the European Union (EU) has collaborated with African countries to curb irregular migration, African leaders have criticised these agreements for failing to address the root causes of migration, such as poverty and conflict. They continue to advocate for equitable solutions, including improved pathways for legal migration.

This evolving dialogue is gradually reshaping how migration from Africa is perceived and managed worldwide. African leaders are not only addressing the challenges posed by migration but also seeking to harness its economic potential. With effective policies, migration could become a driver of development, security, and prosperity for both Africa and the wider world.

A New Narrative on African Migration

At the 2018 EU-Africa Summit in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, African leaders called for a more humane approach to migration, urging European countries to focus on creating legal pathways for African migrants rather than relying solely on restrictive measures such as border controls and deportations. The resulting Abidjan Declaration emphasised better management of migration flows, enhanced cooperation to combat human trafficking, and improved integration of African migrants into host societies.

As Africa continues to position itself as a key actor in global migration policy, the narrative around African migration is shifting. What was once primarily viewed as a challenge is increasingly recognised as an opportunity for socio-economic development, security cooperation, and international solidarity. By leveraging the economic potential of migration and advocating for fairer, more humane global policies, Africa is set to reshape the international approach to migration in the years ahead.

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Following the death of its leader, Yevgeny Prigozhin, Wagner’s operations were integrated into Russia’s “Africa Corps” under the Defence Ministry. This restructuring allows Russia to maintain oversight of Wagner’s activities while solidifying its interests on the continent.

In countries like the Central African Republic (CAR), Wagner provides security for political leaders and supports national armies in return for lucrative mining and trade rights. Its operations extend to Libya and Sudan, positioning Wagner as a key regional actor. Beyond military engagements, Russia amplifies its influence through cultural initiatives like the Russian House in CAR, disseminating anti-Western narratives and fostering local connections.

According to a BBC report, Russia offers a “regime survival package” to governments in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger in exchange for access to strategic natural resources. Leaked Russian government documents detail efforts to modify mining laws in West Africa, aiming to displace Western companies and cement Russia’s foothold in the region.

Origins and Evolution of Wagner

Wagner was founded in 2014 by the late Yevgeny Prigozhin, a close ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin. Initially established to support Russia’s goals in Ukraine, the group quickly expanded internationally, taking on roles traditionally reserved for state actors.

This arrangement provided the Kremlin with plausible deniability while pursuing strategic objectives abroad. Over time, Wagner’s role shifted from pure military operations to a hybrid model encompassing security, influence campaigns, and resource extraction. Its activities are often framed as “aid,” particularly in fragile states with weak governance.

From Europe to Africa: Follow the Money

Africa’s colonial history left many nations vulnerable to instability, creating opportunities for foreign entities promising security and stability. Recognising this, Russia leveraged Wagner to regain influence lost after the Cold War. By providing military support, Wagner positioned itself as a viable alternative for governments wary of Western oversight.

Wagner’s early interventions in Africa, such as in CAR, initially appeared focused on stabilisation. However, the group’s activities soon extended into economic spheres. In CAR, Wagner’s presence secured Russian access to timber and gold, notably the Ndassima gold mine. A similar pattern is evident in Sudan and Mali, where Wagner negotiated rights to mine uranium, gold, and other valuable resources in exchange for security services. These ventures are often managed through a network of subsidiaries, some of which bypass local businesses and international competitors, consolidating economic control in Russian hands.

Gains or Losses for Africa?

At first glance, Wagner’s military support might seem beneficial for African nations grappling with insurgencies and political unrest. However, these short-term gains come at significant economic and political costs. Wagner typically negotiates deals involving resource concessions instead of direct payments, effectively securing partial control over local economies.

In CAR, for example, Wagner’s involvement in logging, mining, and even brewing—via the First Industrial Company—has driven out local competition and established Russian monopolies. While African governments may retain political stability, the arrangement often leaves their economies at the mercy of Wagner-linked enterprises, with profits funneled back to Russia and little benefit accruing to local communities.

Russia’s Shadow Game

Wagner’s presence in Africa might reflect a calculated Russian strategy to geopolitics that combines military, economic, and diplomatic elements to expand influence. Through Wagner, Russia has gained leverage in international forums, with African nations increasingly aligning with Russian positions in UN votes.

This “shadow game” reveals Russia’s broader ambitions: supporting regimes is a means to an end, ensuring access to strategic resources and political loyalty. Wagner’s operations blur the lines between security provision and economic exploitation, making it a potent tool in Russia’s geopolitical arsenal.

Wagner’s operations in Africa are more than those of a typical mercenary group. They represent Russia’s latest attempt to assert dominance on a continent historically contested by global powers. For African nations, partnering with Wagner offers an immediate solution to pressing security issues but risks long-term economic dependency and resource exploitation.

Ultimately, Wagner embodies a chameleon-like presence in Africa—part security provider, part economic opportunist, and part diplomatic actor. For African leaders, the challenge lies in balancing the immediate benefits of Wagner’s involvement with the potential erosion of sovereignty and national resources. As Wagner continues to expand its footprint, questions remain about who truly benefits from these partnerships and how Africa’s relationship with Russia will evolve in the years to come.

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A Silent Crisis
Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women in Africa, and Ghana is no exception. According to the World Health Organization, over 74,000 women across Africa die each year from breast cancer, often due to late-stage diagnoses. In Ghana’s Upper East Region, the scarcity of accessible screening and treatment facilities, combined with limited public knowledge, makes early detection rare. As a result, many women seek help only when the disease has reached advanced stages, resulting in poorer outcomes.

Local organisations, such as Mabia-Ghana, report that women often discover they have advanced breast cancer during unrelated health screenings, such as those for cervical cancer. This underscores the need for proactive, community-focused awareness initiatives to facilitate early detection. “We must listen to the voices of women in rural areas who lack access to healthcare and are suffering in silence. Their lives depend on early detection, yet resources are scarce,” a representative from Mabia-Ghana explains.

Breaking the Stigma
In Ghana, cultural beliefs frequently deter women from seeking timely medical attention. Many women fear ostracisation or judgement if they openly discuss breast health issues. This stigma, compounded by a lack of awareness, forces many to suffer in silence. Educational campaigns tailored to local communities, supported by trusted figures such as religious and community leaders, are essential to reducing these barriers.

By fostering open discussions about breast cancer, community leaders can help dispel myths, normalise health conversations, and encourage women to prioritise their well-being without fear. Making breast health an approachable topic is crucial for promoting early diagnosis.

Knowledge as the First Line of Defence
Education is one of the most powerful tools in the fight against breast cancer. Community-based programmes can teach women the importance of self-examinations, recognising symptoms, and understanding the benefits of early diagnosis. Self-examinations are a simple but effective method for detecting changes, while clinical screenings, such as mammograms, are essential for early intervention.

Educational campaigns must go beyond merely sharing information—they must address misinformation, dispel myths, and encourage proactive health behaviours. By collaborating with healthcare providers, NGOs, and community leaders, these programmes can build a foundation of awareness and action, bringing life-saving information to those who need it most.

Expanding Healthcare Access
For many women in the Upper East Region, healthcare is geographically and financially out of reach. Limited healthcare infrastructure and a shortage of essential equipment, such as mammography machines, make screenings inaccessible. Even when women manage to reach healthcare facilities, trained personnel and follow-up resources are often lacking.

Mobile clinics present a practical solution to these access challenges. By delivering breast cancer screening and treatment directly to underserved communities, mobile units can reach women in remote locations, overcoming physical and financial barriers. These clinics provide not only screenings but also education on early detection and ongoing support, improving survival rates among rural Ghanaian women.

Investing in Infrastructure and Support
The African Leadership Organization (ALO) urges the Ghanaian government and international partners to take immediate action. ALO advocates for increased funding to improve healthcare infrastructure, expand cancer screening programmes, and address personnel shortages in rural regions. Government support is crucial to making mammography screenings and treatment more accessible and affordable, thereby reducing breast cancer mortality rates.

Collaboration among government bodies, NGOs, and private partners is essential for creating sustainable solutions. By investing in healthcare facilities, training healthcare professionals, and supporting mobile clinics, stakeholders can ensure that even the most isolated communities have access to life-saving care.

A Path Forward
The breast cancer crisis in Ghana’s Upper East Region highlights the healthcare inequities faced by rural communities across Africa. Through improved education, greater access to healthcare, and a commitment to dismantling stigma, Ghana can significantly improve outcomes for women affected by breast cancer. ALO’s call to action stresses that the time for change is now. All stakeholders, from government agencies to community organisations, must unite to confront this crisis head-on.

Through targeted awareness campaigns, mobile healthcare solutions, and investment in infrastructure, Ghana can create a future where all women, regardless of location, have access to the knowledge, support, and resources needed to combat breast cancer. By transforming awareness into action, Ghana can lead the way in reducing breast cancer mortality and ensuring a brighter, healthier future for generations to come.

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Each year on 6 November, the world observes the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict, highlighting an often overlooked casualty of war: the environment. For Africa, a continent rich in biodiversity and natural resources, the environmental toll of conflict is devastating, affecting ecosystems, communities, and future generations. With the 2024 theme underscoring the urgent need to protect the environment from the ravages of war, this day calls for unified action to preserve Africa’s natural heritage.

Africa’s Ecosystems Under Threat

Africa’s diverse landscapes—from the rainforests of the Congo Basin to the sprawling savannas of East Africa—are home to a wealth of plant and animal life and support millions of people dependent on these ecosystems for their livelihoods. However, these resources are often central to conflicts. Studies reveal that over 40% of internal conflicts globally are linked to competition for natural resources, a figure that resonates strongly across Africa, where minerals, oil, and timber are both blessings and sources of contention.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), for instance, has faced decades of conflict driven by illegal mining of resources such as coltan, gold, and diamonds. The environmental consequences are severe: widespread deforestation, toxic chemical contamination of water sources, and extensive soil degradation. These practices not only strip the land of fertility but also pollute rivers and disrupt ecosystems, leaving surrounding communities to deal with the after-effects long after conflict ends. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates that 95% of environmental damage in conflict zones may take centuries to recover, underscoring the lasting harm of environmental exploitation in war.

Wildlife at Risk

Africa’s renowned wildlife has suffered extensively in conflict zones. In regions destabilised by armed groups, poaching has surged, with endangered species like elephants and rhinos targeted to finance wars. A 2023 report by the Wildlife Conservation Society found that elephant populations in conflict-prone areas have decreased by up to 60% over the past two decades. Such losses destabilise ecosystems, affecting biodiversity and damaging local economies that rely on ecotourism. Wildlife tourism is a vital source of income for many African communities, and its decline displaces workers and erodes economic stability.

Moreover, ongoing conflicts hinder conservation efforts, as wildlife rangers face life-threatening challenges. For example, in Virunga National Park in the DRC, armed groups frequently target rangers, reducing manpower dedicated to protecting endangered species. This leaves Africa’s precious biodiversity vulnerable to extinction, creating an urgent need for increased international support and intervention.

Agriculture and Food Security Under Siege

Agriculture, which forms the backbone of Africa’s economy and supports over 60% of its population, is particularly vulnerable in times of conflict. War damages farmland, irrigation systems, and essential agricultural infrastructure, forcing farmers to abandon their land and homes. In nations like South Sudan, armed conflicts disrupt crop production, resulting in severe food shortages. The 2023 Global Hunger Index (GHI) indicates that 282 million Africans face food insecurity, largely due to conflict-related environmental degradation.

The Sahel region, already grappling with climate issues like droughts and desertification, faces intensified challenges from ongoing conflicts. Croplands lie fallow, livestock populations dwindle, and food production declines sharply. The twin pressures of conflict and climate change make food security precarious, obstructing communities’ abilities to recover and rebuild.

The Climate Crisis: A Vicious Cycle of Conflict and Environmental Degradation

The environmental impacts of conflict extend beyond local ecosystems, contributing to the global climate crisis. War-driven deforestation, often tied to resource conflict, releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide, exacerbating climate change. Ironically, while Africa contributes less than 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, it faces some of the harshest consequences of climate change.

Deforestation and land degradation are especially prevalent in conflict zones. A 2024 study on desertification in Libya reported that over half of previously fertile land in conflict-affected areas is now barren due to soil degradation and pollution. This creates a vicious cycle: conflict damages the environment, leading to food insecurity, which in turn fuels tensions and spurs new conflicts over scarce resources. As a result, Africa faces intertwined ecological and humanitarian crises that perpetuate poverty and instability.

A Call for Accountability and Global Action

The International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict calls for a global commitment to environmental protection, recognising that ecological harm in conflict zones has long-lasting repercussions. African countries are increasingly advocating for accountability from international actors and corporations contributing to environmental degradation in conflict areas. Regional bodies, such as the African Union (AU), are pushing for regulations that protect ecosystems as a foundation for peacebuilding.

Some African leaders argue that true peace is inseparable from environmental justice, urging the global community to support projects that restore war-impacted regions. Such initiatives include reforestation, soil rehabilitation, and bolstering local conservation efforts. International agencies and NGOs play a vital role in funding sustainable agriculture, clean water access, and environmental education, helping communities rebuild in post-conflict areas.

Africa’s Youth and Civil Society: Champions for Environmental Peace

Africa’s youth, who represent over 60% of the continent’s population, are emerging as passionate advocates for environmental protection. Youth-led movements and organisations across Africa are championing projects that restore degraded landscapes, push for climate action, and hold leaders accountable for environmental stewardship. Groups like Kenya’s “Green Recovery Movement” mobilise communities to plant trees, rehabilitate land, and promote sustainable farming, underscoring young Africans’ dedication to safeguarding their natural heritage.

Civil society organisations also play a critical role, raising awareness and pressing for policies that address the environmental impacts of conflict. By prioritising environmental restoration in post-conflict recovery, these groups promote a vision of peace that encompasses both human and ecological well-being.

A Unified African Call to Action

The African Leadership Organisation (ALO) has issued an urgent call to action, urging African governments, regional bodies, and the international community to commit to environmental protection as a cornerstone of sustainable peace. The ALO advocates for laws criminalising environmental exploitation during conflict, restoration mandates, and policies that prioritise ecological conservation in peacebuilding efforts.

As we observe this year’s International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict, let us remember that protecting Africa’s environment is not merely an environmental issue—it is a matter of human rights, security, and resilience. Africa’s future relies on safeguarding its ecosystems, and the global community must unite to ensure the continent’s natural beauty and resources endure for generations to come.

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