READ MORE:http://Judicial Independence: The Guardrails of African Democracy
A strong judicial system is essential for promoting stability and trust both domestically and internationally. Africa’s rich cultural and traditional diversity presents both challenges and opportunities for developing a unified, effective legal framework. Judicial institutions across the continent play a vital role in supporting democratic governance, with an independent judiciary serving as a cornerstone of democratic accountability. Moreover, effective legal systems encourage investment and economic growth by providing the assurance that contracts will be enforced and property rights protected.

Many African nations have implemented constitutional reforms since independence to strengthen their legal frameworks. These reforms often aim to decentralise power, enhance judicial independence, and promote transparency. Notable examples include South Africa, Kenya, and Ghana, where legal systems have undergone significant evolution, emphasizing human rights, democratic governance, and the protection of marginalized groups.

Additionally, regional integration efforts have benefitted from Africa’s judicial frameworks. Institutions such as the African Union (AU) and the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (AfCHPR) have been instrumental in promoting accountability and cooperation across the continent. The AU’s Agenda 2063 prioritises the strengthening of regional courts and the alignment of national and international legal frameworks to foster a more integrated, peaceful, and prosperous Africa.

The African Court of Justice and Human Rights further provides a platform to hold governments accountable for human rights violations, promoting the enforcement of justice on a continental scale.

Challenges Facing Africa’s Judicial Systems
Despite its critical role, Africa’s judicial system faces significant challenges that hinder its effectiveness and public trust.

Corruption and Lack of Independence
Corruption remains a pervasive issue in many African judiciaries. Political interference and undue influence from powerful elites compromise the independence of judges and distort the legal process, perpetuating inequality and eroding public confidence in the judiciary. Instances of bribery, delayed case processing, and coerced rulings are common, undermining the rule of law.

Resource Constraints
Many African countries suffer from underfunded judicial systems, inadequate infrastructure, and a shortage of trained legal professionals. These deficiencies lead to significant backlogs in case processing, overcrowded courtrooms, and delays in delivering justice. The resulting inefficiency often pushes the public to rely on informal justice mechanisms, such as traditional courts or community-based dispute resolution systems, which may not align with international human rights standards.

Accessibility and Public Awareness
A lack of judicial literacy among citizens exacerbates these challenges. Complex legal procedures, limited access to legal aid, and high costs often discourage people from seeking formal justice, particularly in rural areas.

Pathways to Reform
Addressing these shortcomings requires concerted efforts across multiple dimensions:
Strengthening Judicial Independence

• Ensure the judiciary operates free from political interference.
• Promote transparent processes for the appointment and protection of judicial officers.

Increasing Resources and Capacity

• Allocate adequate funding to improve judicial infrastructure, reduce case backlogs, and support the training of legal professionals.
•  Invest in modern technology to enhance efficiency, transparency, and accessibility within the judiciary.

Promoting Legal Awareness

• Improve judicial literacy among the public through simplified court procedures, expanded legal aid, and support for community-based justice initiatives.
• Encourage grassroots education campaigns to raise awareness about citizens’ rights and legal recourse options.

Strengthening Regional Institutions

• Enhance the capacity of regional courts like the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights and ensure their rulings are respected and enforced.
• Foster regional cooperation to address cross-border issues such as human trafficking, corruption, and refugee protection.

Africa’s judicial systems hold immense potential to drive political stability, economic growth, and social justice. By addressing issues such as corruption, resource constraints, and inequality, African judiciaries can evolve into stronger, more reliable institutions capable of delivering justice to all citizens.

While the challenges are considerable, the opportunities for reform are equally significant. A fair, efficient, and transparent judiciary can serve as a foundation for democratic governance and sustainable development across the continent, unlocking a future of greater stability and prosperity for Africa’s diverse populations.

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Rise of Regional Courts

One significant step toward judicial independence in Africa is the establishment of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (AfCHPR) in 2004. Based in Arusha, Tanzania, the AfCHPR promotes human rights and provides recourse for individuals who cannot obtain justice in their own countries. Although the court has issued influential rulings, only 31 of the 55 African Union member states have ratified its founding protocol, and even fewer permit direct citizen access to the court.

Tanzania and Political Rights

In 2016, Tanzanian opposition leader Ally Rajabu challenged Tanzania’s election laws at the AfCHPR, arguing that they restricted citizens’ political participation. The court ruled in his favour, finding that Tanzania’s restrictions on independent candidacies violated democratic rights. This decision was a landmark in reinforcing electoral rights across Africa. However, Tanzania later withdrew individual access to the AfCHPR, underscoring the delicate balance between national sovereignty and the court’s authority.

National Judiciary Transformations

On a national level, several African countries have enacted substantial judicial reforms to enhance access to justice, accountability, and legal representation for marginalised communities. Significant cases in Kenya, South Africa, and Ghana illustrate a shift towards independent, transparent courts willing to challenge political powers.

Kenya’s Annulled Election

Kenya’s 2017 presidential election marked a milestone in judicial independence. The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice David Maraga, annulled the initial election results due to irregularities and ordered a new election. This courageous ruling underscored the judiciary’s autonomy from political pressure and was hailed internationally, establishing Kenya as a beacon of democratic integrity in East Africa. However, the decision also heightened political tensions, illustrating the risks associated with judicial independence in politically charged cases.

South Africa’s Battle Against Corruption

South Africa’s judiciary, particularly the Constitutional Court, has played a pivotal role in fighting government corruption. Recent rulings against former President Jacob Zuma, including a 15-month prison sentence for contempt of court, reinforced the judiciary’s commitment to holding powerful figures accountable. These verdicts boosted public confidence in the judiciary and cemented its role as a defender of democracy.

Judicial Challenges Across Africa

Despite these advancements, African judiciaries still face significant obstacles, including political interference, limited funding, and infrastructural challenges. In Nigeria, judicial corruption remains a persistent issue, undermining public trust. The Judicial Panel of Inquiry on Police Brutality, set up in response to the #EndSARS protests, exemplifies both the potential and limitations of Nigerian courts. While the panel documented extensive rights abuses, political resistance has hindered legal recourse for many victims, highlighting the tension between judicial efforts and executive power.

Nigeria’s Judiciary and the End SARS Movement

In 2020, Nigerian youth led the #EndSARS protests against police violence, prompting the formation of the Judicial Panel of Inquiry to investigate abuse claims. The panel’s findings revealed widespread rights violations, but political resistance has stalled justice for many affected individuals, illustrating the judiciary’s struggle to confront systemic issues rooted in political and law enforcement institutions.

Expanding Access to Justice

To bridge gaps in access to justice, some African countries have introduced mobile courts and digital case management systems. In Uganda, mobile courts have expanded legal access for remote communities, enabling them to seek legal redress more easily. Rwanda and Ghana, meanwhile, have implemented digital systems to expedite case processing and improve transparency, reflecting broader moves to modernise judicial systems across Africa.

Rwanda’s Digital Justice Reforms

Rwanda’s judiciary has pioneered digitalisation, allowing citizens to file cases and monitor progress online. These innovations have reduced case backlogs and increased efficiency, strengthening public confidence in the judicial system. Rwanda’s approach is seen as a model for other countries aiming to modernise and improve access to justice.

The Way Forward: Strengthening Judicial Accountability

Civil society organisations (CSOs) across Africa play a vital role in promoting judicial accountability and exposing systemic abuses. Groups such as Amnesty International and local organisations actively advocate for reform, support public interest litigation, and assist marginalised communities in seeking justice. For instance, the African Coalition for Human Rights provides legal support across the continent, amplifying the voices of those without access to representation.

African governments increasingly acknowledge that a fair judiciary is essential to sustainable development and stability. Many are aligning judicial reforms with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16, which promotes justice, peace, and strong institutions globally. As Africa’s judiciary evolves, it faces the challenge of balancing traditional practices with innovative solutions to meet modern demands. While the journey toward judicial equity remains unfinished, the progress achieved so far provides a solid foundation for Africa’s continued efforts to secure rights for all.

The gains in judicial reform across Africa demonstrate the continent’s commitment to justice and human rights, even amid considerable obstacles. Through national reforms, regional courts, and civil society activism, Africa’s judiciary is steadily transforming into a powerful advocate for democracy, accountability, and social equity.

The judicial gains seen in Africa exemplify the continent’s commitment to justice and human rights, even in the face of substantial obstacles. Through the combined efforts of national reforms, regional courts, and civil society, Africa’s judiciary is gradually reshaping itself into a powerful force for democracy, accountability, and social equity.

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Paul Kagame (Rwanda)

After the genocide that split Rwanda apart in 2000, Paul Kagame took office as president of that nation. He was forced to rely on a small number of inexperienced cadres and largely illiterate guerilla warriors to reconstruct it. Not even the most sanguine of experts was sanguine about his chances.

However, 19 years later, the nation is united, prosperous, stable, and, for the most part, at peace. Social services, including housing, healthcare, education, and livestock, are given to the poor without regard to their ethnicity or place of origin. These forms of discrimination were prevalent in the governments that preceded the genocide against the Tutsi, which was stopped by Kagame as the leader of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF).

Kagame’s strategy has been innovative, strengthening ties with far-flung neighbours and insulating Rwanda from criticism from Western powers. His economic policies have led to remarkable growth, with Rwanda’s GDP increasing steadily over the years. The country has attracted foreign investments, especially in the technology and service sectors. Under Kagame’s leadership, Rwanda has achieved significant advancements in healthcare, including a reduction in maternal and child mortality rates.

The government’s commitment to universal healthcare has increased access to medical services. His administration has actively promoted gender equality, with women holding key positions in government. Rwanda boasts one of the highest percentages of female representation in parliament globally.

Beyond Africa, Kagame elicits mixed feelings, being labelled by human rights groups as an authoritarian leader stifling the press and political freedoms. Critics, however, mistakenly imply that these freedoms existed in Rwanda before Kagame, when, in fact, efforts to establish them were ongoing. Kagame’s governance is marked by toughness on corruption and divisive speech, regulating expressions to prevent ethnic prejudice. Democracy was adjusted to address Rwanda’s unique challenges, aiming for unity and reconciliation among a population with a shared purpose.

Félix Tshisekedi (Democratic Republic of Congo)

Tshisekedi’s commitment to fighting corruption is evident through his establishment of anti-corruption institutions and the dismissal of corrupt officials. These measures aim to create a more transparent and accountable government. President Tshisekedi has actively engaged in diplomatic efforts to foster peace in the Great Lakes region, contributing to stability and cooperation among neighbouring countries.

President Tshisekedi has managed the Congolese economy quite successfully during his first time in office. During the epidemic, the nation’s GDP growth rate decreased, but it has since somewhat recovered. It rose from 6.20% in 2021 to 8.92% in 2022, mostly due to the mining sector. The DRC became the eighth country to join the East African Community in 2022. With this action, Tshisekedi hoped to improve trade ties and ease tensions with the DRC’s neighbors. By entering, the DRC may increase its imports from its neighbours in East Africa and gain access to a market with 146 million people.

In July 2023, the DRC and the United Arab Emirates inked a mining agreement. The agreement, which is valued at US$1.9 billion, calls for the development of at least four mines in the northeast of the country. These agreements hold significance as the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s economy mostly grows due to mining.

Tshisekedi expedited the flow of Congolese exports by initiating the construction of a new route that would connect Zambia and Tanzania. The DRC is landlocked; the new road would shorten the distance between a port in Tanzania and some of the nation’s copper and cobalt deposits by around 240 kilometers. More than five million additional pupils were enrolled when he instituted free elementary education.

However, the initiative has come under fire for certain regions’ overcrowding of classrooms and the continued low pay of instructors. In addition, the president offered free medical care to expectant mothers giving birth in hospitals and health centres that were preselected in Kinshasa. If re-elected, he has pledged to expand this programme to the entire nation.

For the nation to retain a larger portion of its enormous mineral resources, he has pushed for an examination of its mining treaties with China. He said that the economy had improved in a State of the Nation speech, citing the national budget’s roughly three-fold increase from $6 billion (£4.7 billion) at the start of his administration to $16 billion in 2023.

With the much-awaited re-negotiation of a mining agreement between China and the Democratic People’s Republic of Congo, Tshisekedi’s administration hopes to boost revenue. There is pressure on the president to extract more value from the US$6.2 billion agreement. Tshisekedi has increased his ownership share in the Sino-Congolese company Sicominesfrom 32% to 70%.

Denis Sassou Nguesso (Republic of Congo)

Several political and economic changes were carried out by President Sassou-Nguesso to save the nation from financial ruin and fortify the democratic system. Nguesso has implemented policies to diversify the economy beyond oil, investing in sectors like agriculture and manufacturing. This reduced dependence on oil revenues and promoted a more sustainable and balanced economy. Significant investments in infrastructure projects, such as roads and energy, have enhanced connectivity within the country, encouraging trade and economic growth.

Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (Equatorial Guinea)

Equatorial Guinea has experienced substantial economic growth under President Obiang’s leadership, driven primarily by the oil sector. The government has used oil revenues to invest in infrastructure, education, and healthcare. President Obiang has implemented social development programmes, including efforts to improve access to education and healthcare services for the population.

As we conclude this illuminating journey through the leadership landscapes of Central Africa in 2024, it is evident that the intricate fabric of each nation’s progress is woven by the hands of dynamic and forward-thinking leaders. From the resilient rebuilding of Rwanda under Paul Kagame to Félix Tshisekedi’s economic acumen transforming the Democratic Republic of Congo, from Denis Sassou Nguesso’s diversification strategies in the Republic of Congo to the oil-fueled growth in Equatorial Guinea under Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo—these leaders are architects of change.

While the path to progress may be fraught with challenges and criticisms, these leaders exhibit resilience, commitment, and a profound dedication to the well-being of their nations. In a region poised for a new chapter, these leaders are not merely shaping policies; they are crafting legacies that will resonate for generations to come. As the world watches, Central Africa unfolds, led by leaders who are not just remolding countries but reshaping the narrative of a continent striving for excellence and prosperity.

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Election fever grips Africa.

As the countdown begins, nations grappling with political instability, such as Mali, Chad, and Burkina Faso, are poised for change through democratic processes. Ethiopia battles the complexities of Tigray, Senegal confronts democracy under threat, and Mali faces delays, creating a volatile mix. The ruling African National Congress walks a tightrope amidst economic challenges and corruption allegations, setting the stage for a political showdown.

In July, Rwanda anticipates the continued leadership of President Paul Kagame, while Chad ratifies a new constitution ahead of its October elections, adding to the intrigue. Tunisia’s President, Kais Saeid, anticipates a formidable election campaign amid economic troubles. Meanwhile, Ghana braces for a showdown between Vice President Bawumia and opposition candidate Mahama Dramani in December.

The stage is set for a continental political upheaval, with elections in Comoros, Togo, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mozambique, Botswana, and South Sudan promising to reshape Africa’s political landscape in 2024.

A Shifting Political Landscape

South Africa’s ANC faces discontent, potentially losing ground in urban areas, hinting at intricate governing coalitions. In Angola, the PMLA’s waning popularity raises questions about its future in the 2027 elections. Despite long-standing leadership in nations like Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, and Uganda, recent elections showcase a growing appetite for change.

Ghana’s historic 2020 split Parliament and Senegal’s 2022 legislative elections point towards a demand for cooperation and inclusivity. The rejection of dynasties in Kenya and Lesotho in 2022 signals a broader shift in voter behaviour, emphasising competency over entrenched power structures.

A Deep Dive into Political Agendas

African nations are strategically focusing on economic and social development, with initiatives to boost GDP, attract foreign capital, and empower the youth. Infrastructure development, digital transformation, and social justice initiatives take centre stage as governments work towards a more equitable and prosperous future.

Navigating Challenges and Prospects

As Africa faces a ten-year decline in democratic governance, political challenges loom large. Unlawful power transitions, military coups, and conflicts in countries like Burkina Faso, Chad, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and Sudan threaten stability. The impact on women and youth is evident, with tokenistic inclusion initiatives falling short, leading to protests and violence.

Despite the challenges, 2024 presents a crucial turning point for Africa. The continent stands on the precipice of radical change, demanding fair and significant involvement of women and young people in democratic governance. As citizens become more politically aware, 2024 emerges as a pivotal year, beckoning Africa towards a future marked by stability, democracy, and prosperity.

Africa is about to script a new chapter in its political history, and the world is watching with bated breath. The elections of 2024 are not just a political event; they are a promise of transformation, a beacon of hope for a continent ready to break free from the chains of the past. The stage is set for a revolutionary year that will shape the future of Africa, and the world will witness history in the making.

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Mahamat’s heartfelt address highlighted the urgency of the situation, condemning the ongoing hostilities in Gaza and the Occupied Territories as clear violations of international law and humanitarian principles. Emphasising the devastating impact on Palestinian civilians and the overarching implications for regional peace, he fervently called for an immediate cessation of hostilities and the establishment of a permanent humanitarian ceasefire.

The African Union Commission, aligning itself with various UN resolutions dating back to 1948, urged the international community to shoulder its responsibilities towards resolving the Palestinian question. The commitment to this cause, Mahamat underscored, rests on the foundational principles of freedom, justice, and humanitarianism, aligning with Africa’s unwavering support for Palestine’s existence as a viable state in the Middle East.

Expressing deep concerns over unilateral policies and actions, including the relentless war on Gaza, Mahamat pointed out the humanitarian crisis it has engendered. He lamented the threat looming over East Jerusalem’s holy sites, condemning the deprivation faced by Christians and Muslims in practicing their faith amidst escalating conflict.

The Chairperson deplored the staggering loss of innocent lives, especially the disproportionate number of children, in the current conflict. He didn’t mince words in denouncing Israel’s continued construction of settlements in occupied territories, flagging them as egregious violations of international norms contributing to forced displacement and structural inequality akin to the dark days of apartheid in Southern Africa.

Mahamat applauded recent UN resolutions for a humanitarian truce and cessation of hostilities, backing the ceasefire agreement in Gaza and stressing the necessity of political dialogue to establish two sovereign and peaceful states. Furthermore, he urged the release of Palestinian prisoners held in Israeli jails, emphasising the need for improved detention conditions and respect for basic human rights.

The African Union Commission reiterated its unwavering commitment to collaborating with international actors towards ending the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land. Mahamat concluded with a fervent call for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, expressing hope for peace and blessings upon the people of Palestine.

As Mahamat’s address reverberates across the international stage, it serves as a clarion call for global action towards a just and lasting resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, underscoring the imperative of solidarity and cooperation in securing peace and justice for Palestine.

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“The United States unequivocally condemns the unprovoked attacks by Hamas terrorists against Israeli civilians. There is never any justification for terrorism.” These were the words of Joe Biden, the 46th and current president of the United States. The current confrontation between Israel and Gaza has thrust the Israeli-Palestinian issue into the international spotlight even more. This analysis outlines the major characteristics of this dispute, including its causes, consequences, and possibilities for resolution.

Before the recent crisis, Hamas and Israel fought several wars. The last war between the two was in 2021, which lasted 11 days and killed at least 250 people in Gaza and 13 in Israel.

Tensions have existed between Israelis and Palestinians since before Israel’s creation in 1948. Thousands of individuals on both sides have been killed, and many more have been injured over the course of decades.

However, this year has seen an increase in violence. The number of Palestinians slain in the occupied West Bank by Israeli troops since the start of the year is the most in nearly two decades. The same is true for Israelis and foreigners murdered in Palestinian attacks, the vast majority of whom were civilians.

In the 1967 war, Israel conquered Gaza from Egypt and then withdrew its forces and settlers in 2005. The enclave, which is home to over 2 million Palestinians, was taken over by Hamas in 2007 following a brief civil war with Fatah, a rival Palestinian organization that serves as the backbone of the Palestinian Authority.

In response to the attack, Israel has declared war and launched “Operation Swords of Iron,” striking suspected Hamas and Islamic Jihad targets in Gaza.

Hundreds had been killed in Gaza, according to the Palestinian Ministry of Health.

Dr. Mai al-Kaila

World Leaders’ Reaction to the Israel-Gaza Crisis

Brazil

UN Security Council chair Brazil announced it will call an emergency meeting of the body to address the escalating violence and urged restraint.

“The Brazilian government condemns the series of bombings and ground attacks carried out today in Israel, starting from the Gaza Strip,” Brazil’s Foreign Ministry said in a statement, urging parties to “avoid escalating the situation”.

European Commission

“I unequivocally condemn the attack carried out by Hamas terrorists against Israel… Israel has the right to defend itself against such heinous attacks,” European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen posted on X.

Foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said, “We unequivocally condemn the attacks by Hamas. This horrific violence must stop immediately. Terrorism and violence solve nothing.”

United Kingdom

The UK also criticised the attack by Hamas on Israel, Foreign Secretary James Cleverly said.

“The UK unequivocally condemns the horrific attacks by Hamas on Israeli civilians. The UK will always support Israel’s right to defend itself,” Cleverly said in a post on social media.

Arab League

Arab League chief Ahmed Aboul Gheit has also urged “an immediate halt to military operations in Gaza” and “the cycle of armed confrontation between the two sides”.

“Israel’s continued implementation of violent and extremist policies is a time bomb, depriving the region of any serious opportunity for stability in the foreseeable future.”

Belgium

“Belgium strongly condemns the massive rocket attacks against Israeli civilians. Violence and terror only perpetuate suffering and hinder the path to dialogue. Our thoughts are with all those affected. We are monitoring the situation closely,” Foreign Affairs Minister Hadja Lahbib wrote on social media platform X, formerly known as Twitter.

China

Beijing said it was “deeply concerned” by the weekend’s dramatic escalation of violence between Israel and the Palestinians, urging all sides to show “calm”.

“China is deeply concerned about the current escalation of tension and violence between Palestine and Israel,” Beijing’s foreign ministry said, adding that it “calls on all parties concerned to remain calm and exercise restraint, cease fire immediately, protect civilians, and prevent further deterioration of the situation”.

Czech Republic

“The attack conducted from the Gaza Strip is a deplorable act of terrorism against the State of Israel and the civilian population,” President Petr Pavel said in a statement. “The rocket attacks and the infiltration of Hamas commandos into Israel will block any efforts for a peaceful solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict for a long time.”

Egypt

Egypt warned of “grave consequences” from an escalation in tensions between Israel and the Palestinians in a statement from the foreign ministry carried by the state news agency.

It called for “exercising maximum restraint and avoiding exposing civilians to further danger”.

Egypt’s Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukri also held a call with European Union foreign policy chief Josep Borrell to discuss developments, stating that both sides should exercise restraint to avoid serious risks.

France

French President Emmanuel Macron condemned the “terrorist attacks” against Israel.

“I strongly condemn the terrorist attacks that are currently hitting Israel. I express my full solidarity with the victims, their families, and those close to them,” Macron wrote on X.

The French embassy in Israel on Saturday described the attacks as “inadmissible terrorist attacks”.

“I am horrified by the developments coming from the south of the country. These terrorist attacks are inadmissible and must be condemned by everyone. We stand side by side alongside Israel and Israelis,” the French embassy wrote on X.

Jordan

Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi warned of the “volatility” of the situation, “particularly in light of what cities and areas of the West Bank are witnessing of Israeli attacks and violations against the Palestinian people”.

Fatalities in the occupied West Bank have reached a scale unseen in years. Jordan and Egypt were the first two countries in the region to agree on peace deals with Israel.

Germany

“Terrifying news reaches us today from Israel. We are deeply shocked by the rocket fire from Gaza and the escalating violence. Germany condemns these attacks by Hamas and stands by Israel,” Chancellor Olaf Scholz said on social media.

German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock said Berlin “firmly condemns the terrorist attacks from Gaza against Israel”.

Baerbock said Hamas “contributes to the intensification of violence”, adding that “violence and rockets aimed at innocent people must stop immediately”.

Greece

“Greece strongly condemns today’s launch of heavy rocket attacks from Gaza against Israel. Greece stands with Israel and is deeply concerned by this unacceptable escalation of violence,” the Greek Foreign Ministry posted on X.

Hezbollah

The Lebanese armed group Hezbollah issued a statement saying it was closely following the situation in Gaza and was in “direct contact with the leadership of the Palestinian resistance”.

Following events involving Gaza fighters who fired a barrage of rockets into Israel, the statement added it was a “decisive response to Israel’s continued occupation and a message to those seeking normalisation with Israel.”

India

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said his country stood “in solidarity with Israel at this difficult hour.”

“Deeply shocked by the news of terrorist attacks in Israel,” Modi said.

Iran

An adviser to Supreme Leader Ali Hosseini Khamenei said Iran supported the Palestinians’ attack.

“We congratulate the Palestinian fighters,” it quoted adviser Rahim Safavi as saying. “We will stand by the Palestinian fighters until the liberation of Palestine and Jerusalem.”

Iran’s foreign ministry said attacks by its ally Hamas were proof of the Palestinians’ increased confidence in the face of Israel’s occupation.

“In this operation, the element of surprise and other combined methods were used, which show the Palestinian people’s confidence in the face of the occupiers,” ministry spokesperson Nasser Kanaani said.

The attacks “proved that the Zionist regime is more vulnerable than ever and that the initiative is in the hands of Palestinian youth,” government spokesperson Ali Bahadori-Jahromi told state news agency IRNA.

The government said it “condemned in the strongest terms the terror and the violence underway against innocent civilians”.

Israel

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said his country is at “war” and he is confident it “will win”.

“Our enemy will pay a price the type of which it has never known,” Netanyahu said in a video statement.

Japan

Japan condemned rocket launches and cross-border attacks by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups into Israeli territory, the foreign ministry said. “Japan urges all parties to exercise the utmost restraint to prevent further harm.”

Kuwait

Kuwait expressed its “grave concern” over developments between Israel and the Palestinians, blaming Israel for what it called its “blatant attacks”.

The foreign ministry, in a statement, called on the international community to “stop the provocative practices of the occupation” and the “policy of expanding settlements”.

Morocco

“The Kingdom of Morocco expresses its deep concern at the deterioration of the situation and the outbreak of military action in the Gaza Strip and condemns attacks against civilians wherever they may be,” a foreign ministry statement said.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation condemned “terrorist attacks by Hamas against NATO partner Israel”, a spokesman for the defence alliance said.

“Our thoughts are with the victims and all those affected. Terrorism is a fundamental threat to free societies, and Israel has the right to defend itself,” said spokesman Dylan White.

Palestinian

Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said that the Palestinian people have the right to defend themselves against the “terror of settlers and occupation troops” according to the official news agency WAFA.

He was speaking at an emergency meeting held in Ramallah with a number of top officials from the Palestinian Authority.

Poland

“I strongly condemn Hamas’ ongoing attacks on Israel. This baseless aggression and acts of violence, especially against civilians, are unacceptable. Our thoughts and prayers are with everyone affected by these terrible events,” Polish Foreign Minister Zbigniew Rau wrote on X.

Qatar

Qatar’s foreign ministry issued a statement saying Israel alone was responsible for the ongoing escalation of violence with the Palestinian people.

It called on both sides to exercise the utmost restraint and called on the international community to prevent Israel from using these events as an excuse to launch a disproportionate war against Palestinian civilians in Gaza.

Russia

Russia said it is in contact with Israel, the Palestinians, and Arab countries in connection with the escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the Interfax news agency reported, citing Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov.

“It goes without saying that we always call for restraint,” he added.

Saudi Arabia

The ministry called for an “immediate cessation of violence” between Israel and the Palestinians, the state news agency reported.

“We are following the unprecedented developments between a number of Palestinian factions and Israeli occupation forces, which have led to a high level of violence on a number of fronts”.

Spain

Spain’s acting Foreign Minister, Jose Manuel Albares, said on X that he condemned the attacks from Gaza against Israel.

“We strongly condemn the very serious terrorist attacks from Gaza against Israel.” Overwhelmed by this indiscriminate violence. All our solidarity  i with the victims.”

Turkey

Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan called on Israelis and Palestinians to act with restraint and refrain from hostile acts that could exacerbate the situation.

“We call for restraint from all parties,” Erdogan said at a congress for his ruling AK Party in Ankara. “They must refrain from aggressive acts,” he said.

Ukraine

President Volodymyr Zelenskyy condemned what he called a “terror attack” on Israel and said Israel’s right to defend itself “cannot be doubted”.

Ukraine’s foreign ministry condemned what it described as “ongoing terrorist attacks” on Israel. “Ukraine strongly condemns the ongoing terrorist attacks against Israel, including rocket attacks against the civilian population in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv,” the ministry said on X. “We express our support for Israel in its right to defend itself and its people.”

United Arab Emirates

“The UAE calls for the exercise of maximum restraint and an immediate ceasefire to avoid serious repercussions,” the foreign ministry said. “The UAE has expressed its sincere condolences to all the victims of the recent crisis.”

Abu Dhabi normalised relations with Israel in 2020 under the US-backed Abraham Accords, along with Bahrain and Morocco.

United Nations

UN Middle East peace envoy Tor Wennesland said: “This is a dangerous precipice, and I appeal to all to pull back from the brink.”

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Tuerk said: “This attack is having a horrific impact on Israeli civilians… Civilians must never be the target of attack.”

The United Nations Security Council is due to meet on Sunday.

“Secretary-General Antonio Guterres is deeply concerned for the civilian population and urges maximum restraint. Civilians must be respected and protected in accordance with international humanitarian law at all times,” UN spokesperson Stephane Dujarric said.

United States

The US condemned “the appalling Hamas terrorist attacks in Israel”.

“President [Joe Biden] will continue to receive updates, and White House officials remain in close contact with Israeli partners,” the White House said in a statement.

“The United States unequivocally condemns the unprovoked attacks by Hamas terrorists against Israeli civilians. There is never any justification for terrorism. We stand firmly with the government and people of Israel and extend our condolences for the Israeli lives lost in these attacks.”

US military chief Lloyd Austin said: “Over the coming days, the Department of Defence will work to ensure that Israel has what it needs to defend itself and protect civilians from indiscriminate violence and terrorism.”

Biden warned “against any other party hostile to Israel seeking advantage in this situation”, adding he had spoken to Netanyahu.

Venezuela

Venezuela’s government expressed its “deep concern” over the clashes.

In a statement on X, formerly Twitter, it said the fighting was “the result of the impossibility of the Palestinian people to find in multilateral international legality a space to assert their historic rights”.

Yemen

In Yemen, Houthi rebels who control the capital Sanaa expressed their support for “the heroic jihadist operation”. In a statement published on the website of the Houthi-controlled SABA news agency, the Iran-aligned group said the attack “revealed the weakness, fragility, and impotence” of Israel.

It added that this operation “is a battle of dignity, pride, and defence”.

The Israeli ambassadors in Africa have also assured the safety of Africans in Israel. The Israeli ambassador to Nigeria, Michael Freeman, has said Nigerians in the country as well as citizens of other African countries are safe. He disclosed this while addressing journalists at a press conference in the nation’s capital, Abuja. Freeman described the attack by Hamas, where almost a thousand people died in less than 24 hours, as the gravest since the Holocaust.

“Nigerians and other nationals living in Israel are safe, as the Israeli government and troops will ensure their safety,” he said.

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A Complex Tapestry: Israel, often referred to as the biblical Holy Land by Jews, Christians, and Muslims alike, boasts a rich but complex history. While Jerusalem stands as a focal point of holiness, the nation grapples with diverse populations and a tumultuous past.

The Israel-Arab Conflict: Understanding the backdrop of Israel’s relations with its Arab neighbors is crucial. The Israel-Arab conflict, dating back to the late 19th century, has evolved through numerous phases. From the Balfour Declaration in 1917 to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War (War of Independence) and subsequent conflicts, this region has witnessed a complex interplay of political and territorial disputes.

Strategies for Protecting Africans in Israel: To safeguard the well-being of African residents in Israel, several strategies can be employed:

Implementing these strategies, however, may encounter challenges such as political sensitivity, resource allocation, regional dynamics, and public opinion. Effective execution will require political will, bilateral support, adequate funding, and international cooperation. Moreover, understanding the regional geopolitical context and promoting empathy among the Israeli population are crucial for success.

By adopting an inclusive approach that encompasses equitable refugee status determination, access to healthcare and education, anti-discrimination measures, and community engagement, Israel can fulfill its moral duty and legal commitment to protect Africans residing within its borders. Learning from international models and best practices, Israel can aspire to create a more accepting and compassionate society that upholds the rights and dignity of all its citizens, regardless of their origins

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Addressing the UN General assembly, Angola’s President, João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço, pointed out that, nearly 78 years since the establishment of the Organisation, pockets of tension persist, often escalating into open conflicts. He stated that the global management of interests in security, technology, and resources still falls short of aligning with the diverse interests of nations and peoples. Lourenço stressed the persisting and unacceptable gap between developing and developed countries. Attributing this divide to the insufficient representation of developing nations in key global governance institutions hinders their ability to voice concerns and contribute to problem-solving.

The president equally emphasised that this situation breeds anxiety and frustration, particularly among vulnerable populations, making them susceptible to negative influences. While acknowledging the efforts of many African nations in resolving conflicts, investing in socioeconomic development, and prioritising education, he lamented that the lack of economic and social prospects in several countries threatens the stability of budding democracies on the continent. He mentioned initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area as attempts to navigate this situation.

Roughly 54% of Angolans are extremely poor, with a significant 88% residing in rural regions. In these areas, challenges like deforestation, prevalent reliance on traditional energy sources, and inadequate natural resource stewardship pose significant threats to both livelihoods and environmental stability. Recognising this critical issue, Angola has pinpointed the enhanced management of natural resources as an instrumental development focus for the period spanning 2020 to 2022.

Further noting that numerous young Africans still find themselves compelled to pursue their aspirations beyond their homeland, often undertaking perilous Mediterranean crossings, Lourenço turned his attention to regional stability and expressed Angola’s commitment to mitigating tensions in the Great Lakes region. He called for consistent and predictable funding to combat terrorism in Africa, voicing suspicion about an unseen force intent on destabilising the continent for its own gain. He urged global attention to critical regions such as the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Sudan.

Additionally, he emphasised the imperative of addressing the plight of the Palestinian people and resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Notably, he called for an immediate end to the war between the Russian Federation and Ukraine in Europe. Lourenço insisted on a reformation of the Security Council that aligns with current realities. He advocated for Africa to attain permanent membership on the Council and emphasised the importance of adhering to resolutions regarding the embargo on Cuba and the longstanding Middle East conflict between Israel and Palestine.

Recalling his participation in a 2021 Security Council meeting regarding the arms embargo on the Central African Republic. Shifting focus to climate change, he implored the international community to redouble efforts to reduce polluting gases, combat deforestation, and address global warming. In concluding remarks, President Lourenço stressed the need for the United Nations to enhance its role and capabilities in formulating effective responses to confront the array of challenges facing the global community.

President Lourenço hinted at the critical importance of upholding the values outlined in the UN Charter and international law to rectify the precarious course the world embarked upon following the fall of the Berlin Wall. Additionally, he reiterated the imperative for greater representation of developing nations in global governance institutions, ensuring their active participation in crafting pragmatic solutions to their unique challenges. This, he emphasised, is crucial for maintaining order and stability within their respective nations.

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This year, thousands of local and international delegates gathered in Uasin Gishu County to commemorate, discuss, learn, and share best practices on issues affecting sub-national governments, as well as to provide trade and investment opportunities for communities in Uasin Gishu and neighbouring counties. The agreed-upon theme of the conference was “10 Years of Devolution: The Present and Future,” with the sub-theme “Driving Transformation from the Local Level: County Governments as the Centre of Economic Development.”

The conference was opened by President Ruto and closed by his deputy. The long-standing opposition was also in attendance to contribute his thoughts on ten years of devolution. In what appeared to be a soft and smooth landing, the president made it clear to the delegates who attended the conference that he had a submission to make in terms of devolution.

“That we have a proven hack, a smart solution to kill the two birds of poor governance and efficient service delivery with one stone. That hack is digitization and automation. I therefore encourage you to embark on the journey of integrating digital solutions and ICT into service delivery and project implementation.” He said.

However, as the conference progressed, residents in the host city had different perspectives to share. Others praised the government, while others criticised it for the high cost of living in the country, with some even focusing on the city, emphasising that this is the same country where Kenya’s current President, William Samoei Ruto, is from. The situation should be different. The devolution conference, on the other hand, appeared to be a success.

Nonetheless, there were heated exchanges at the conference between the ruling party UDA, led by President Ruto, and the opposition party Azimio La Umoja, led by Mr. Raila Odinga. President Ruto did not hold back in criticising Azimio La Umoja, the party’s leader, for refusing to accept the results of the 2022 elections, urging him to take them and move on. On the other hand, Kenyans believe that, despite the election period having ended, the current president is still campaigning and needs to stop and focus on matters of national interest. On the other hand, political analysts have characterised President Ruto’s move as a means of elevating opposition leader Raila Odinga.

Raila, often referred to as the “Father of Devolution,” defended the mass protests that he has been leading in the better cause of this year by stamping the 10-year mark: “But there is a positive side to the protests. They indicate that the people are taking control of their destiny. In the days of the old order, nobody questioned the PC, the DC, or the DO. Too few knew what had been allocated for their development. Development was what the DC or PC said. Devolution has come with a new boss: the people. Development is what the people say it should be.”

Mass protests in Kenya. The opposition vs. the government

Kenya was hit with a wave of opposition-led mass protests, resulting in a spike in countrywide disorder. Kenya’s former Deputy President William Ruto of the Kenya Kwanza (Kenya First) Alliance was elected president last year, defeating opposition leader and former Prime Minister Raila Odinga of the Azimio La Umoja One Kenya Coalition Party.

Odinga mobilised his supporters in February 2023 and set a “deadline” for the government to address issues such as elections and high living costs, among other grievances, within 14 days. The coalition also announced the formation of the Movement for Defence of Democracy, a youth resistance wing. Odinga’s Kenya Kwanza allies dismissed both as destabilising attempts. Due to unmet demands, the coalition officially launched the protest movement on March 9, calling for the first nationwide protest on March 20.

President William Ruto is currently advocating for bipartisan talks to maintain the spirit of cooperation for bettering the nation’s governance. This historical pattern emphasises the importance of cross-party dialogue in steering Kenya’s political landscape towards stability and progress. A fierce power struggle among the political elite is at the heart of Kenya’s bipartisan political talks. These discussions serve as a battleground for parties and their leaders to negotiate, strategize, and form alliances to protect their interests. The underlying motivations frequently revolve around resource distribution, control over government institutions, and advancing personal and political agendas.

Kenya has recently experienced the Building Bridges Initiative (BBI), a significant endeavour to introduce substantial amendments to the Kenyan constitution. This process involved a broad range of Kenyan citizens, resulting in legal challenges as various population segments questioned its legality. Additionally, multiple groups launched public awareness campaigns to expound on the contents of the proposed document, eliciting a range of reactions from agreement to dissent. Finally, the legal battle ended in court, resulting in the stalling and, to some extent, dissolution of the BBI. The Kenyan judiciary upheld the arguments presented by various stakeholders, attesting to the legality of the process.

A similar situation has arisen just lately. The political elite, representing various factions, have reached an agreement on specific issues such as, but not limited to, cost of living, audit of 2022 presidential election results, restructuring and reconstitution of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) and related matters, measures to prevent interference with political parties, outstanding constitutional issues, governance issues, adequate checks and balances, the question of bounties, and the question of bonuses. Some of these issues have far-reaching consequences for ordinary citizens. If the two factions can agree on these issues, it may lead to changes to the Kenyan Constitution.

Political leaders are following in the footsteps of history. These discussions are based on mutual agreements between the two opposing parties rather than legal foundations.

The freedom of speech and that of the press

Article 33 of Kenya’s 2010 constitution explicitly states that everyone has and shall have the right to freedom of expression. It does, however, have some limitations. The freedom to seek information, receive ideas, and impart knowledge are all examples of freedom of expression. The right to express themselves through the arts (creative expression), academic freedom, and the freedom to conduct scientific research

According to the Constitution, this right is not absolute. Thus, there are certain limitations to the enjoyment of this freedom, which are as follows: [as stated in subsection two of Article 33 of the Kenyan Constitution, 2010], an expression that constitutes hate speech; a term that has the potential to incite violence; a word that promotes hatred; expressions used in war propaganda.

The NCI Act established the NCIC in 2008 to combat hate speech and promote national cohesion and integration. The Act defines hate speech as the use or dissemination of threatening, abusive, or insulting content with the intent to incite ethnic hatred. However, press freedom in Kenya is guaranteed, even though press coverage has faced various challenges. Earlier this year, the ODM leader launched an aggressive attack on press freedom after calling on his supporters to boycott one of the country’s most widely circulated newspapers.

On the other hand, Kenya Kwanza politicians have increased their attacks on mainstream media, warning that it risks becoming irrelevant if it continues antagonising the ruling government. They accused Kenyan media outlets of being biassed and distorting facts about the government’s agenda, particularly the recently passed Finance Bill 2023. Following receipt of this information, the Media Council immediately engaged the government and media stakeholders to address the relationship between government and media to protect journalists’ rights in the country.

The post A Thermometer on Kenya’s Political Climate in 2023 appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Neo-Colonialism and its Impact on Kenya

Although African nations seem to have attained independence from colonial masters, this independence continues to be questionable as the superpowers continually devise new and strategic ways for African countries to remain dependent on them, specifically through economic imperialism and conditional aid, to indirectly control and meddle in the internal affairs of developing nations.

President Ruto inherited a faltering economy due to external influences like COVID-19, growing inflation, and high interest rates. These difficulties have caused the government’s revenue to be consumed by a 50% debt. The nation battles with development challenges such as poverty, inequality, youth unemployment, climate change, and insufficient private sector investment, among others.

During President Ruto’s administration, inflation has remained high and has exceeded 9%, especially for fuel and non-food products. Global forces have raised living expenses and consumer prices, leading to higher taxes and undercutting the president’s initiatives. In response, the Central Bank increased borrowing rates from 7.5 percent in August 2022 to 8.75 percent in February 2033.

RUTO’S EFFORTS TO COUNTER NEO-COLONIAL INFLUENCES IN KENYA:

President William Ruto had promised a bottom-up economic transformation” during his tenure in office and is taking several actions in line with his pledges of economic transformation.

ACTIONS AND POLICIES TO PROMOTE NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY ON THE INTERNATIONAL FRONT

Strengthening the East African Community

Ruto aims at strengthening the East African Community as he makes Kenya a significant player in this journey; hence, within his first 100 days in office, Ruto launched an ambitious campaign that covered seven nations, giving him a swift and impactful start as president. He made a thorough regional circuit by visiting Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Egypt, the DRC, South Sudan, and Eritrea. Throughout these trips, he underlined the value of fostering partnerships in the areas of trade, peace, and security.

Promoting Local Currency for Intracontinental Trade

William Ruto has urged African countries to trade throughout the continent using local currencies rather than the US dollar. In a speech to the Djiboutian parliament, he stressed this and the need to lessen the reliance on the US currency in trade between Djibouti and Kenya.

Trade between Djibouti and Kenya requires the purchase of US dollars. In order to encourage ease of doing business, President Ruto supported the Pan-African payment and settlement system, which is led by Afreximbank. He made it clear that the objective is to improve intracontinental trade efficiency rather than to oppose the US dollar. For deals with Djibouti, President Ruto suggested utilising local currencies and saving US dollars for purchases from the US.

Revamping the Financial System

As part of the revamping of the financial system, Ruto advocates for reforming the World Bank and International Monetary Fund as the primary global lenders and replacing them with a body that treats all nations fairly. He argued that the proceeds of a global financial carbon tax should not go to the Bretton Woods Institutions but rather to a system in which Kenya and other African states would have an equal voice.

He also emphasises the necessity for equity in these institutions’ financial arrangements inside the Bretton Woods framework, pointing to the disproportionate financial load on African countries.

The President also suggested that a $500 billion annual credit line be established for the purpose of refinancing official debt that stems from struggling economies into new, long-term loans with a 50-year maturity and a 10- to 20-year grace period.

Address major and primary concerns.

Ruto promised to work with others to address concerns including hunger, conflict, and economic hardship. Meetings with heads of state from all over the Horn of Africa were among his engagements, showing his dedication to developing collaboration and solving shared issues.

He supports the Bridgetown Initiative, an effort to address climate justice and create a loss-and-damage fund for countries that are vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In Ruto’s opinion, IMFIMFd World Bank climate change efforts fall short.

NATIONAL INITIATIVES AIMED AT BOOSTING ECONOMIC GROWTH:

Supporting Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs)

The Hustlers’ Africa is a key component of Ruto’s plan for economic change. It is a financial inclusion fund that offers business owners affordable finance in an effort to spur economic growth and jobs. Ruto has committed KES 50 billion per year to the Hustlers Fund project, and loans are being disbursed to MSMEs operating in the informal sector. Of Kenya’s 18 million workers, 15 million work in the informal sector, accounting for 85% of total employment. To support small enterprises, the new effort has so far increased credit access for 6 million Kenyans in the informal sector.

Youth and women’s employment

The chances for women and young people in Kenya have increased because of Ruto’s initiatives. The NationalNationalervice intake increased to 20,000 people annually, giving young people more opportunities. Also, Ruto revived the Women Enterprise Fund, a government initiative that provides finance at reasonable rates and business assistance to female entrepreneurs. Ruto made a notable effort to empower and elevate women in the business sector by tripling the fund’s size from Ksh 4.5 billion to Ksh 13.5 billion.

Agriculture

Ruto’s administration is actively pursuing food security. To increase food production in Kenya, the Ruto administration has taken proactive measures. These actions include providing funding for inputs and giving struggling farmers agricultural extension assistance. Food inflation was significantly reduced as a result of this strategy, falling from 15.3 percent in September 2022 to 13.3 percent by February 2023. The administration has given over five million registered farmers nationwide access to subsidised fertiliser as a means of addressing the issues created by the drought. The administration has started new dam construction projects in response to drought concerns and to ensure a sufficient supply of water for agricultural requirements, since it recognises the significance of water for agriculture.

Housing

He also remained loyal to his word about the housing and settlement plan by starting a number of initiatives that provide inexpensive and affordable housing across the nation, with the aim of building 250,000 homes annually for low-income individuals. Mukuru, Rongai, Homabay, Ruiru, Kibera, Shauri Moyo, and Starehe are among the areas where he has started housing projects.

International Partnerships and Trade Agreements

Kenya aims to strengthen diplomatic ties and project mutual benefits while avoiding undue foreign influence. Agreements that will boost trade in goods and create new economic opportunities, with targeted cooperation to enhance Kenya’s economic development.

Kenya and the European Union (EU)

Kenya and the European Union (EU) have signed a trade agreement, which represents progress for the EU’s economic engagement in Africa. The signing of the EU-Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement was overseen by Kenyan President William Ruto in Nairobi. Kenya’s largest export market, the EU, will now be accessible to it without any duties or quotas. Tariffs on imports into Kenya from the EU, such as machinery and chemicals, will be gradually decreased over a 25-year period, with some commodities being exempted. The deal brings an end to a decade-long trade discussion between the EU and the East African Community (EAC).

William Ruto has proven to be a strong leader who appears to be advancing his goals for greater African unity with Kenya as a significant regional player. As his policies and actions promote the East African Community as a strong regional bloc capable of solving its internal issues without depending on the West or any other outside powers, Ruto’s initiatives have been radical and drastic for a continent that has traditionally depended on the West for the resolution of its issues. However, these initiatives will pave the way for Africa’s self-sufficiency and progress.

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