With over 240 million children out of school and education financing under strain, the role of open universities has never been more crucial. African nations are now spending almost as much on debt repayment as they do on education, according to recent reports. Meanwhile, global education aid has declined from 9.3% in 2019 to 7.6% in 2022. Open universities have stepped in to fill this gap, with UNESCO reporting that over 202 million students were enrolled in open and distance learning programmes globally in 2023.

READ ALSO: Education, Partnerships, and the Future of Learning in Africa

Globally, open universities have revolutionised learning, enabling millions to earn degrees through flexible, distance-based platforms. Institutions such as The Open University in the United Kingdom, which has produced over 2.2 million alumni since its inception in 1969, have proven that quality education can thrive outside conventional classrooms. In the United States, institutions like the University of Phoenix have leveraged online learning to accommodate working adults. A study by the International Association of Universities (IAU) found that over 110 million students worldwide are engaged in some form of open and distance learning. UNESCO reports that by 2030, the demand for higher education will double, surpassing 400 million students, underscoring the urgency for more open-access educational frameworks. In Africa, where UNESCO estimates that tertiary education enrolment stands at approximately 9%—far below the global average of 38%—open universities represent a vital solution to this growing crisis.

Africa’s educational challenges are deeply rooted in systemic issues, including inadequate infrastructure, economic disparities, and a rapidly expanding youth population. With a continent-wide university deficit and an estimated 98 million young people projected to seek higher education by 2050, open universities offer a beacon of hope. Nigeria’s National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) is one of the continent’s leading institutions embracing this model. Established in 1983 and relaunched in 2002, NOUN has over 500,000 enrolled students, dwarfing the capacity of most traditional universities in the country. Similarly, South Africa’s University of South Africa (UNISA), one of the largest open universities in the world, enrols over 370,000 students from 130 countries, making higher education accessible regardless of geographic constraints.

One of the key advantages of open universities is their ability to accommodate students from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. While traditional universities in Africa often struggle with overcrowding and limited resources, open universities operate on a scalable model that alleviates these constraints. Rwanda’s University of Global Health Equity, through blended learning models, enables medical students from rural areas to earn degrees without relocating to urban centres. This innovative approach addresses the continent’s critical shortage of healthcare professionals, which the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates at a deficit of 4.2 million medical workers.

Furthermore, open universities offer cost-effective solutions to higher education. A 2022 report by the World Bank highlights that tuition fees for open universities are typically 40–60% lower than their traditional counterparts. In Kenya, for instance, a degree at the Open University of Kenya, launched in 2023, is estimated to cost significantly less than conventional universities, making education more affordable for a broader demographic. The impact of such affordability cannot be overstated, particularly in a region where the average income remains low.

Technological advancements have also been a game changer in the expansion of open universities in Africa. The rise of mobile learning platforms, increased internet penetration, and e-learning innovations have enabled students to access coursework remotely. Ghana’s Accra Institute of Technology (AIT) has leveraged artificial intelligence-driven personalised learning paths, increasing student engagement and reducing dropout rates. However, challenges remain, including internet accessibility, with only 43% of Africans having regular access to broadband services, according to a 2023 report by the African Telecommunications Union. Bridging this gap through governmental and private sector investments in digital infrastructure will be key to scaling the success of open universities across the continent.

A critical aspect of open universities is their contribution to workforce development. Employers in Africa increasingly recognise the value of degrees earned through open and distance learning (ODL). A study by the Association of African Universities found that 72% of employers in Africa now consider ODL graduates as competent as those from traditional universities, a significant shift from past scepticism. This change is driven by curriculum innovations that emphasise skills development and practical applications, ensuring graduates are job-ready.

Despite the promising trajectory, challenges remain. Regulatory frameworks for open universities vary across the continent, leading to issues of accreditation and degree recognition. Additionally, the lack of physical interaction in purely online courses raises concerns about student engagement and practical training, particularly in fields that require hands-on experience, such as engineering and medicine. Countries like Egypt and Morocco have adopted hybrid models, integrating periodic in-person workshops to complement online coursework, striking a balance between flexibility and academic rigour.

Looking ahead, the future of open universities in Africa hinges on sustained policy support, investment in digital infrastructure, and a shift in societal attitudes towards non-traditional education pathways. Governments must integrate open universities into national education strategies, ensuring seamless articulation between ODL degrees and the broader higher education ecosystem. International partnerships with established global institutions could also enhance curriculum quality and degree recognition, fostering greater acceptance of open university graduates in the global job market.

As Africa stands at the crossroads of an educational revolution, open universities are proving to be great equalisers of knowledge. They serve as bridges connecting ambition with opportunity, allowing a rural farmer in Uganda, a young entrepreneur in Lagos, or a single mother in Johannesburg to reshape their futures through learning. The expansion of open universities is not merely an alternative; it is an imperative—a reimagination of education that places no student beyond reach. With deliberate investment, strategic policymaking, and the continuous embrace of technology, Africa can transform the promise of open universities into a continental reality that drives development, inclusion, and progress.

The post How Open Universities Are Expanding Access to Higher Education in Africa appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

According to the World Bank, global remittances to low- and middle-income countries reached a record $685 billion in 2024, with Africa receiving approximately 5.8%. Nigeria alone accounted for $4.22 billion, representing a significant source of external financing. Countries such as Egypt ($29 billion) and Ghana ($6.65 billion) also benefit heavily from diaspora inflows. However, these remittances are primarily used for household consumption rather than large-scale investments.

READ ALSO: Diaspora Investments and Urban Farming: A Growing Opportunity for Africa

The introduction of diaspora bonds could shift this dynamic, directing a fraction of these funds towards national development projects. Israel, for example, has raised over $44 billion since launching its diaspora bond programme in 1951. India followed suit, successfully raising $11 billion through diaspora bonds during its economic crisis in 1991. If African nations replicate these models, they could unlock billions in new development funds.

The Potential of Diaspora Bonds in Africa

Africa’s diaspora community is one of its most significant assets. With over 50 million Africans living abroad, many have accumulated wealth and are willing to contribute to their home countries’ development. Unlike traditional foreign aid, diaspora bonds offer a direct and stable source of funding, as investors are emotionally and culturally tied to their homelands.

Ethiopia provides a noteworthy case study. The country issued its first diaspora bond in 2008, raising millions to finance the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Although challenges such as low subscription rates persisted, the initiative demonstrated the potential for mobilising diaspora resources. Similarly, Kenya launched its own diaspora bond in 2011 to fund infrastructure projects, though results were mixed due to limited investor confidence. By learning from these experiences, African governments can refine their approaches to attract more investors.

Challenges and Risks

Despite its potential, the success of diaspora bonds hinges on trust, governance, and financial stability. Many African governments struggle with issues of corruption, mismanagement, and political instability, discouraging diaspora members from investing. For instance, Ethiopia’s diaspora bond faced scepticism due to concerns about government transparency. To mitigate these risks, governments must adopt best practices, ensuring proper financial accountability, offering competitive interest rates, and fostering investor confidence through clear legal frameworks.

Nigeria presents a notable example. In 2017, the Nigerian government successfully issued a $300 million diaspora bond with an interest rate of 5.625%, targeting Nigerians in the U.S., U.K., and Europe. The bond was well received, proving that structured policies and transparent governance can attract diaspora investments.

A Global Perspective on Diaspora Bonds

Africa is not alone in leveraging diaspora bonds. Countries such as China and the Philippines have experimented with similar instruments to boost national development. China’s global diaspora has played a crucial role in financing the country’s economic rise, with expatriates heavily investing in national industries and infrastructure. The Philippines has also encouraged its overseas workforce, which remits over $30 billion annually, to invest in homeland projects. These global examples highlight that when effectively structured, diaspora bonds can become a reliable financing mechanism. Africa’s challenge is to instil confidence among its diaspora communities and create investment-friendly environments.

Unlocking Africa’s Financial Potential

To fully harness diaspora bonds, African nations must adopt strategic policies. First, governments should strengthen financial institutions, ensuring transparency and accountability. Establishing independent monitoring bodies to oversee bond utilisation will boost investor trust. Second, African countries must offer attractive incentives such as tax breaks and high-yield returns to make diaspora bonds competitive in global financial markets. Third, marketing and outreach efforts should be intensified. Many African diaspora members are unaware of these investment opportunities, underscoring the need for targeted campaigns, digital platforms, and partnerships with financial institutions abroad.

If well implemented, diaspora bonds could provide Africa with an alternative financial strategy to fund critical infrastructure, drive economic growth, and reduce dependency on foreign loans. The time has come for African nations to view their diaspora communities not just as remittance senders but as strategic investors in the continent’s future. By doing so, Africa can unlock billions in untapped capital, turning the vision of self-sustaining development into a reality.

The post Diaspora Bonds: Africa’s New Economic Lifeline appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

For centuries, Egypt has been synonymous with pharaohs, pyramids, and the Nile. Yet beyond the iconic landmarks lies a tapestry of untold stories, a rich history extending far beyond the well-trodden tourist trails. Egypt’s past is a layered narrative, from the ancient dynasties that built monumental temples to the Hellenistic influence of Alexandria, the Roman rule, and the Islamic empires that shaped its culture. This rich heritage has left behind a treasure trove of hidden gems, sites that offer a glimpse into lesser-known aspects of Egypt’s past.

READ ALSO: The Land of Pharaohs: Egypt’s Tourism Sector Hits Record Revenues

Today, Egypt straddles the ancient and the modern. While the pyramids and temples continue to draw millions, a new wave of travellers seeks authentic experiences, venturing beyond the familiar. They are discovering the hidden tombs of Alexandria, exploring the ancient monasteries of the Red Sea mountains, and immersing themselves in the vibrant culture of Nubian villages along the Nile.

The future of Egyptian tourism lies in diversifying its offerings, showcasing its hidden gems, and promoting sustainable practices. The government is investing in infrastructure and restoration projects, aiming to attract a broader range of travellers. According to the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Egypt welcomed over 11.7 million tourists in 2023, a significant increase from previous years, demonstrating the sector’s recovery and growth potential. There is a growing emphasis on cultural tourism, ecotourism, and adventure tourism, providing opportunities for visitors to connect with local communities and explore the country’s natural beauty.

Why must travellers visit Egypt now?

Because it is a journey through time, a chance to witness the convergence of ancient wonders and modern aspirations. It is an opportunity to explore hidden tombs and forgotten temples, to wander through bustling souks and serene desert landscapes, and to experience the warmth and hospitality of the Egyptian people.

 The Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa (Alexandria): These subterranean tombs, a blend of Egyptian and Greco-Roman architectural styles, offer a fascinating glimpse into the city’s Hellenistic past.

 The White Monastery (Sohag): Nestled in the Red Sea mountains, this ancient Coptic monastery is a testament to Egypt’s early Christian heritage, with beautifully preserved frescoes and a serene atmosphere.

 The Nubian Villages (Aswan): These colourful villages along the Nile provide a unique cultural experience, where visitors can learn about Nubian traditions, music, and cuisine.

 The Valley of the Golden Mummies (Bahariya Oasis): Discovered in the 1990s, this vast burial site contains thousands of mummies from the Roman era, offering a glimpse into the lives of ordinary Egyptians.

 The Underwater Museum of Alexandria: The remains of Cleopatra’s palace and other ancient ruins rest beneath the sea in Alexandria’s harbour. Diving, snorkelling, or viewing from glass-bottom boats offers an extraordinary experience. According to UNESCO, the Underwater Museum project aims to protect and showcase these submerged cultural treasures, attracting divers and history enthusiasts.

These are just a few examples of the hidden gems that await travellers in Egypt. By venturing beyond the familiar, visitors can gain a deeper understanding of Egypt’s rich history and diverse culture.

Egypt is a land of contrasts, where ancient wonders coexist with modern aspirations. It is a place where the past whispers its secrets, and the future beckons with promise. As you walk through the shadows of ancient tombs or gaze upon the sun-drenched landscapes, you will realise that Egypt is more than just a destination; it is an experience, a journey into the heart of history, a story waiting to be written by you.

The post Discover Egypt’s Best Hidden Attractions & Untold Stories appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

European countries, particularly the United Kingdom and France, also exhibit strong franchise networks, with thousands of successful franchise brands. In Asia, China and India have leveraged franchising to spur small business growth, with China alone experiencing a 15% annual increase in franchise businesses. The franchise model has proven resilient in diverse economies, providing entrepreneurs with a lower-risk entry into business ownership and bolstering local economies through employment opportunities.

READ ALSO: West Africa’s Economy: The Critical Role of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Africa’s Untapped Franchising Potential

Africa’s franchising sector remains dynamic yet largely untapped. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa is estimated at approximately $60 billion. According to the World Economic Forum, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) account for 95% of all registered businesses and contribute around 50% to the total GDP of Sub-Saharan African countries. SMEs play a critical role in driving economic growth, yet many struggle with sustainability. Data from the International Finance Corporation (IFC) indicates that about 80% of startups fail within the first five years. Franchising offers a structured business model that can mitigate this high failure rate by providing proven systems, established brand recognition, and ongoing operational support.

The South African franchise industry is the most mature on the continent, contributing around 15% to the country’s GDP and encompassing over 800 franchise brands. Nigeria and Kenya are emerging as strong players in the sector, with international brands such as Shoprite, KFC, Domino’s Pizza, and Cold Stone Creamery making significant inroads. Kenya, in particular, has seen a 12% growth in its franchise sector over the past five years, fuelled by a rising middle class and increasing urbanisation. Ghana, Egypt, and Morocco are also witnessing a gradual increase in franchise investments, signalling the potential for broader adoption across the continent.

Key Drivers of Franchise Growth in Africa

A combination of economic and demographic factors is making Africa an attractive frontier for franchising. The continent’s population, currently at 1.4 billion, is projected to reach 2.5 billion by 2050, with over 60% of its inhabitants under the age of 25. This youthful demographic is driving demand for both international and locally adapted brands. Urbanisation is another significant factor, with an estimated 50% of Africans expected to live in urban areas by 2030. This shift is increasing disposable income levels and altering consumer preferences towards standardised, quality-controlled goods and services—an area where franchises excel.

Furthermore, digitalisation is enhancing the feasibility of franchising in Africa. The continent’s mobile penetration rate stands at over 46%, with a projected increase to 50% by 2025. Mobile money services such as M-Pesa in Kenya, MTN Mobile Money in Ghana, and Flutterwave in Nigeria are facilitating seamless financial transactions, making it easier for franchises to operate and expand across borders.

Challenges Hindering Franchise Expansion

Despite its potential, franchising in Africa faces several challenges. Access to financing remains a significant barrier, as many prospective franchisees struggle to secure the necessary capital. The average cost of starting a franchise in Africa varies widely, from $50,000 for smaller brands to over $1 million for well-known international franchises. High interest rates on business loans, averaging between 15-25% in many African countries, further exacerbate the issue.

Regulatory complexities also pose hurdles. Many African nations lack clear franchise-specific legislation, leading to inconsistent enforcement of contracts and intellectual property protections. South Africa is one of the few countries with a dedicated franchise regulatory framework under the Consumer Protection Act, but other nations continue to grapple with legal uncertainties that deter potential investors.

Additionally, supply chain inefficiencies and infrastructure deficits present operational challenges. Poor road networks, unreliable electricity supply, and inefficient logistics can hinder franchise businesses reliant on timely supply chains. However, increasing investments in infrastructure projects, such as the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), aim to improve trade flows and connectivity across the region.

The Future of Franchising in Africa

Despite these challenges, the outlook for franchising in Africa remains optimistic. Several international brands are adopting an ‘Africanised’ approach by integrating local preferences into their offerings. McDonald’s, for instance, has adapted its menu in Egypt to include halal-certified products, while KFC in Nigeria sources over 80% of its ingredients locally to navigate import restrictions.

Furthermore, homegrown African franchises are on the rise. South Africa’s Debonairs Pizza, Nigeria’s Chicken Republic, and Kenya’s Java House have successfully expanded within and beyond their home countries, proving that African franchises can scale effectively. The rise of technology-driven franchise models, such as cloud kitchens and e-commerce-based retail franchises, is also shaping the future of African franchising.

As financial institutions and investors increasingly recognise the profitability of franchising, initiatives such as franchise-focused funding schemes by the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the World Bank are emerging to provide necessary capital. Additionally, governments can play a pivotal role by establishing clearer franchise regulations, improving infrastructure, and fostering an environment conducive to business expansion.

Franchising is not merely a business model; it is a vehicle for economic transformation. With strategic investments, regulatory support, and a shift in entrepreneurial mindset, franchising has the potential to redefine African entrepreneurship, create jobs, and stimulate sustainable economic growth.

The post Franchising Could Revolutionise African Entrepreneurship appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

China, the United States, and the European Union have heavily invested in nanotechnology research, accounting for more than 70% of global R&D expenditures in this field. However, Africa is yet to fully capitalise on this technological wave. If strategically adopted, nanotechnology could revolutionise Africa’s manufacturing sector, enhancing industrial efficiency, sustainability, and competitiveness.

READ ALSO: Impact of Technological Advancement on South Africa’s Economy 

In the global arena, nanotechnology has reshaped industries such as healthcare, electronics, energy, and materials science. The United States leads the sector, investing over USD 1.98 billion annually through the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), while China has surpassed USD 1.5 billion in yearly funding. The technology’s impact on manufacturing is profound, particularly in producing stronger, lighter, and more durable materials.

In the automobile industry, for instance, carbon nanotubes have enabled the production of lightweight yet incredibly strong vehicle components, reducing fuel consumption and emissions by up to 40%. Similarly, the semiconductor industry has witnessed significant improvements in processing power and energy efficiency through nanoscale transistors.

Nanotechnology also plays a vital role in sustainability. By enabling precision manufacturing, it reduces waste production by up to 60%. In agriculture, nano-fertilisers improve crop yields while minimising environmental degradation. The global impact of nanotechnology-driven sustainability is estimated to contribute over USD 500 billion in cost savings annually.

Africa’s Manufacturing Sector: Challenges and Opportunities

Africa’s manufacturing sector contributes approximately 22% to the continent’s GDP, lagging behind global industrial powerhouses. Limited infrastructure, high energy costs, and insufficient R&D investment have stifled growth. However, nanotechnology presents an opportunity to overcome these barriers. Countries such as South Africa, Egypt, and Nigeria are pioneering nanotech applications, particularly in materials science and healthcare. South Africa’s National Nanotechnology Strategy (NNS) has led to groundbreaking research in nano-coatings, enhancing corrosion resistance in industrial machinery.

One of the most promising applications of nanotechnology in Africa is in recycling and waste management. The continent generates approximately 125 million metric tonnes of waste annually, yet only 10% is recycled. Nanotechnology could significantly improve recycling efficiency by breaking down plastic waste at a molecular level, converting it into reusable raw materials. Researchers in Kenya have developed nano-enhanced filtration systems that transform industrial wastewater into potable water, reducing pollution and supporting sustainable manufacturing.

Transforming Key Manufacturing Sectors in Africa

Energy and Renewable Technologies

Africa’s energy crisis is a major impediment to industrial growth, with over 600 million people lacking access to reliable electricity. Nanotechnology offers a potential breakthrough in solar energy, with nano-enhanced photovoltaic cells achieving efficiency rates of over 40%, compared to the conventional 20%. Rwanda, a leader in solar energy adoption, has incorporated nano-coatings to improve the efficiency of solar panels, extending their lifespan by 30%.

Textile and Apparel Industry

The textile industry, a key sector in Africa’s manufacturing, stands to benefit from nanotechnology through nano-fibres and self-cleaning fabrics. In Ethiopia, textile manufacturers are exploring the use of silver nanoparticles to create antimicrobial fabrics, reducing water consumption and chemical use in washing.

Pharmaceuticals and Medical Equipment

Africa’s pharmaceutical sector was valued at approximately USD 28.56 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach USD 70 billion by 2030. Despite this anticipated growth, the continent currently produces only 3% of global medicines while importing over 75% of its pharmaceutical needs. Nigerian researchers are developing nano-encapsulated drugs that enhance absorption and effectiveness, reducing the dosage needed for treatments. This advancement is particularly crucial in combating diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis.

Challenges and Policy Imperatives

Despite its potential, Africa’s integration into the global nanotechnology race faces significant hurdles. The continent’s R&D investment in nanotechnology remains below 1% of GDP, compared to 2.5% in developed nations. Additionally, concerns exist regarding the environmental and health impacts of nanomaterials. Regulatory frameworks must be established to ensure safe adoption while maximising economic benefits.

Governments must prioritise nanotechnology education, creating specialised programmes in universities and technical institutions. Collaboration with global tech hubs can facilitate knowledge transfer, while public-private partnerships can drive innovation. With targeted investments and strategic policies, Africa can harness nanotechnology to revolutionise its manufacturing sector and position itself as a competitive player in the global industrial landscape.

Nanotechnology holds the key to Africa’s industrial transformation. From improving recycling and energy efficiency to revolutionising healthcare and textiles, the technology’s applications are vast. With proper investment, research, and regulatory frameworks, Africa can leapfrog traditional manufacturing limitations and emerge as a global hub for sustainable industrial production. The future of African manufacturing is microscopic, but its impact will be colossal.

The post How Nanotechnology Could Revolutionise Africa’s Manufacturing Sector appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Globally, solar energy is leading the investment race. In 2024 alone, solar photovoltaics (PV) attracted over $500 billion in investments, surpassing all other electricity generation sources combined. Hydropower, despite its historical dominance, is witnessing a decline in new investments, with only $130 billion annually allocated for expansion.

READ ALSO: Africa’s Journey towards a Solar-Powered Future

Solar energy’s installed capacity reached 1.5 terawatts (TW) in 2023, overtaking wind energy and closing in on hydropower’s 1.4 TW capacity. However, hydropower remains the largest source of renewable electricity, generating over 4,200 terawatt-hours (TWh) annually, while solar contributes approximately 1,300 TWh, according to the 2024 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) report.

Efficiency-wise, hydropower surpasses solar with a capacity factor of 40-60%, compared to 15-25% for solar. This means hydropower plants generate electricity more consistently than solar farms, which rely on sunlight availability.

The African Context: Hydropower’s Legacy vs. Solar’s Disruption

Africa has long relied on hydropower, which accounts for nearly 70% of the continent’s renewable electricity (African Development Bank, 2023). The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), expected to generate 6.45 gigawatts (GW), exemplifies Africa’s hydropower ambitions. Similarly, Inga III in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has the potential to add another 11 GW to Africa’s grid.

Yet, hydropower faces significant challenges. Africa’s hydropower potential is heavily reliant on river systems like the Nile, Congo, and Zambezi, which are vulnerable to climate change-induced droughts. Countries such as Zambia and Zimbabwe experienced severe blackouts in 2019 and 2022 due to low water levels at the Kariba Dam.

Conversely, solar energy is rapidly gaining traction. Egypt, South Africa, and Morocco are spearheading large-scale solar projects, with Egypt’s Benban Solar Park (1.65 GW) ranking among the largest in the world. Africa’s solar potential is immense, with daily irradiation levels exceeding 5.5 kWh/m², making it one of the sunniest continents. In 2024, solar PV capacity in Africa surpassed 14 GW, a threefold increase since 2018.

Cost and Feasibility: Which Is More Practical for Africa?

Cost is a decisive factor. The levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) for solar PV dropped to $0.04/kWh in 2024, compared to $0.07/kWh for large-scale hydropower. This decline is driven by technological advancements and economies of scale, making solar more financially attractive.

Solar also offers flexibility. Unlike hydropower, which requires multi-billion-dollar infrastructure and long gestation periods, solar farms can be deployed quickly. For instance, Kenya’s Garissa Solar Plant (50 MW) was completed in less than two years, whereas large dams often take a decade or more.

However, hydropower provides energy storage and grid stability, which solar lacks. Hydropower’s ability to store excess energy in reservoirs makes it crucial for balancing Africa’s intermittent renewables, especially in regions with underdeveloped battery storage technology.

Environmental Considerations: Sustainability and Climate Impact

Environmental sustainability is a key concern. Hydropower projects often lead to deforestation, displacement of communities, and ecosystem disruption. The Merowe Dam in Sudan displaced over 50,000 people, and Ghana’s Akosombo Dam altered the Volta River ecosystem.

Solar, in contrast, has a lower ecological footprint. However, the production of solar panels relies on rare earth minerals like lithium and cobalt, raising concerns about unsustainable mining practices in countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Africa’s Best Bet: A Balanced Approach

The verdict? Neither hydropower nor solar alone can power Africa’s green future. A hybrid approach is essential.
Solar should be the dominant energy source due to its declining costs, scalability, and abundance. Investments in decentralised solar mini-grids can rapidly expand access to electricity in rural areas.

Hydropower must play a complementary role, particularly for grid stability and energy storage. Future investments should focus on small and run-of-river hydropower projects, which minimise environmental and social impacts.

Energy storage and grid modernisation are critical. Expanding battery storage solutions and investing in grid infrastructure will maximise the benefits of solar energy and mitigate its intermittency.

Shaping Africa’s Renewable Energy Future

Africa stands at an energy crossroads. While hydropower has historically been the backbone of the continent’s renewable energy, solar is emerging as the more cost-effective and scalable solution. A strategic blend of solar dominance and hydropower stability, supported by investments in battery storage and transmission infrastructure, will be the most viable path towards a sustainable and resilient green future.

As the sun rises on Africa’s energy revolution, it is clear that solar energy, with the right policies and investments, will lead the continent’s transition towards a cleaner, more prosperous future.

The post Hydropower vs. Solar: What’s Africa’s Best Bet for a Green Future? appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

According to the Freedom on the Net 2023 report, over 62% of the world’s internet users live in countries where authorities deliberately manipulate online information to suppress dissent. In 2023 alone, 17 countries implemented internet shutdowns. This issue is further exacerbated by state-sponsored cyber surveillance, with nations such as China, Russia, and even some democratic states using artificial intelligence (AI) and digital tracking to monitor citizens.

READ ALSO: Is Digital Colonisation Just Rebranded Exploitation?

Africa’s growing smartphone penetration is playing a crucial role in digital rights activism. According to a report by global technology market analyst firm Canalys, smartphone shipments in Africa recorded an annual growth of 24%, reaching 19.2 million units in Q4 2023. South Africa, Nigeria, and Egypt led this surge, with shipments increasing by 15%, 63%, and 63%, respectively. This growth is driven by the availability of affordable smartphones, gradually reducing the dominance of feature phones.

The International Data Corporation (IDC) reported that smartphone shipments in Africa surged by 17.9% in Q1 2024, reaching 20.2 million units compared to the previous year. This occurred despite macroeconomic challenges and foreign exchange fluctuations. Over the same period, feature phone shipments declined by 15.9%, totalling 18.8 million units. “This marks the first quarter where smartphone shipments have surpassed feature phone shipments in Africa, highlighting a clear transition towards smartphones across the region,” IDC stated.

South Africa remains Africa’s largest smartphone market, followed by Nigeria and Kenya, bolstered by the growing popularity of competitively priced Chinese brands with advanced features. In Kenya, data from the Communications Authority showed that between January and March 2024, 628,818 feature phones were phased out, while 886,884 new smartphones were registered. By March 2024, the number of active feature phones had dropped to 31.2 million, while smartphone adoption increased to 34.5 million.

The Power and the Pitfalls

Africa’s digital transformation is accelerating, driven by increased smartphone adoption. In 2024, the African smartphone market grew by 9%, reaching 74.7 million units. This expansion has fostered a more connected continent, with governments, businesses, and individuals relying heavily on digital platforms.

Key smartphone vendors have significantly contributed to this digital expansion. Transsion Holdings (which owns Tecno, Infinix, and iTel) leads the market with a 51% share, shipping 37.9 million units in 2024. Samsung, despite a 22% decline, shipped 13.9 million units, while Xiaomi grew by 38%, reaching 8.4 million units. Realme recorded an 89% surge, shipping 3.8 million units, and Oppo followed with a 10% increase, reaching 3.1 million units.

Despite these advancements, Africa faces severe internet restrictions. Reports from Access Now and the Internet Society show that in 2023, the continent experienced more than 20 government-imposed internet shutdowns, particularly in politically unstable countries such as Ethiopia, Sudan, and Nigeria. These shutdowns disrupt businesses, hinder free expression, and stifle activism, raising concerns over digital rights.

Digital Rights and Activism in Africa: A Mixed Reality

While digital access is expanding, Africa remains a battleground for digital rights. Governments frequently introduce restrictive laws to control online spaces, such as Nigeria’s Social Media Bill and Uganda’s Computer Misuse Act, which criminalise online dissent. However, activists and civil society organisations are pushing back. Groups like Paradigm Initiative, Internet Sans Frontières, and the Africa Digital Rights Hub are leading advocacy efforts for policy reforms.

A growing legal framework is emerging across Africa. The African Union (AU) adopted the Malabo Convention to improve cybersecurity and digital governance. Similarly, South Africa’s Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) and Kenya’s Data Protection Act mirror international standards such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), promoting digital privacy and consumer protection.

The Role of Youth and Technology in Digital Activism

African youth have been at the forefront of digital activism, using social media to amplify their voices. Movements like #EndSARS in Nigeria, #ShutItAllDown in Namibia, and #FixTheCountry in Ghana illustrate how digital platforms can drive social change. With over 70% of Africa’s population under 30, the continent presents fertile ground for digital activism and policy advocacy.

Startups are also innovating in the digital rights space. Organisations such as Ushahidi (Kenya), BudgIT (Nigeria), and Code for Africa are pioneering tech-driven approaches to transparency, data access, and citizen engagement. The rise of blockchain technology in governance, digital whistleblowing platforms, and AI-powered fact-checking tools is strengthening Africa’s digital ecosystem.

Challenges and the Road Ahead

Despite progress, challenges persist. Low internet penetration in rural areas, high data costs, and cyber threats hinder full digital inclusion. Additionally, state-backed cyber surveillance and restrictive legislation continue to threaten digital freedoms. Cybersecurity incidents in Africa increased by 30% in 2023, with South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya recording the highest cybercrime rates.

For Africa’s digital rights movement to thrive, policymakers must collaborate with civil society groups, tech innovators, and international partners. Investing in digital literacy programmes, affordable internet access, and cybersecurity measures will be crucial in ensuring a free, open, and secure digital future for the continent.

The fight for digital rights in Africa is a double-edged sword—progressive in expanding access yet hindered by political censorship. However, with a growing youth population, increasing smartphone penetration, and active civil society movements, Africa’s digital future holds promise. If governments can strike a balance between security and freedom, the continent has the potential to emerge as a global leader in digital transformation and rights advocacy.

The post Digital Rights Activism in Africa is Surging, Here’s Why appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

As of the latest data, 48 African countries collectively owe approximately USD 42.2 billion to the IMF. This debt accounts for about one-third of the IMF’s total outstanding credit. Since its inception, the IMF has made more than 1,500 loan commitments globally, with approximately 40% (608) directed towards African nations. On average, each African country has accessed IMF resources 12 times, slightly exceeding the global average of 10.

READ ALSO: IMF Global Growth Outlook 2025: Where Does Africa Stand?

Among the largest African borrowers from the IMF, five countries stand out:

Egypt: $15 billion

Côte d’Ivoire: $4.3 billion

Ghana: $4.3 billion

Kenya: $4.1 billion

Angola: $4.1 billion

Together, these nations account for more than 40% of IMF lending to Africa, highlighting the significant reliance on external financial support across the continent.

Exceptional Cases of Financial Independence

In contrast, Botswana, Libya, and Eritrea have successfully navigated their economic paths without IMF loans, preserving their financial autonomy.

Botswana

Botswana exemplifies how sound economic management can lead to financial independence. Through prudent resource allocation and innovative economic strategies, the country has cultivated a stable economy. With a projected GDP growth of 3.6% this year and a population of approximately 2.72 million, Botswana has prioritised investments in education and healthcare while maintaining sustainable management of its diamond resources. These policies have propelled it towards self-reliance.

Libya

Libya’s financial independence is particularly noteworthy, as it has maintained a zero-debt status with the IMF. Historically, the country’s wealth from natural resources, particularly oil, has allowed it to avoid external borrowing. This strategy has enabled Libya to fund public services and infrastructure projects independently, reflecting a robust economic foundation despite ongoing political instability.

Eritrea

Eritrea has also avoided IMF loans, maintaining financial autonomy through strict economic policies and significant control over foreign investments. The nation has prioritised self-sufficiency by promoting domestic industries and agriculture. While this approach has presented challenges, Eritrea has managed to function without external financial support.

Lessons in Financial Self-Reliance

The experiences of Botswana, Libya, and Eritrea provide valuable lessons for other African nations. Their ability to remain independent from the IMF underscores the potential for self-reliant economic management, which is crucial for long-term sustainable growth. By prioritising resource management, investing in human capital, and diversifying economies, other nations may mitigate the risks associated with external debt and reduce dependency on international financial institutions.

While the IMF plays a crucial role in supporting many African economies, the examples of Botswana, Libya, and Eritrea demonstrate that financial independence is attainable. Their economic trajectories highlight the effectiveness of prudent management and innovative strategies in achieving self-sufficiency. As African countries continue to assess their relationships with the IMF, these three nations offer insights that could shape future policies for sustainable economic stability.

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In 2021, NCDs were responsible for at least 43 million deaths, accounting for 75% of all non-pandemic-related deaths globally. Of these, 18 million people died before the age of 70, with 82% of these premature deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Cardiovascular diseases remained the leading cause, claiming at least 19 million lives, followed by cancers (10 million), chronic respiratory diseases (4 million), and diabetes (over 2 million, including kidney disease deaths caused by diabetes).

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As the world grapples with the NCD crisis, Africa is taking bold steps to mitigate the impact of these diseases. Governments, health institutions, and international organisations are scaling up efforts to prevent, manage, and reduce the burden of NCDs, proving that Africa is not just a victim of this crisis but an active player in the global fight.

Policy-Driven Approaches to NCD Prevention

African nations have recognised the urgency of the NCD crisis and are implementing policy-driven approaches to curb their prevalence. Countries like Kenya, South Africa, Ghana, and Nigeria have introduced national NCD action plans, incorporating measures such as taxing unhealthy products, regulating processed foods, and expanding national screening programmes.

Globally, the taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages has been a proven deterrent against unhealthy consumption. South Africa became the first African country to introduce a sugar tax in 2018, a move that has significantly reduced soft drink sales and aims to curb obesity and diabetes. Ghana has embraced the WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions (WHO-PEN), strengthening its primary healthcare system to ensure early detection and effective management of NCDs (WHO, 2022).

At a continental level, the African Union (AU) and WHO Africa Regional Office have championed the 2022–2030 Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs, which seeks to integrate NCD care into universal health coverage programmes. This strategy aims to ensure that at least 80% of African countries implement effective NCD prevention measures by 2030 (WHO Africa, 2023).

Strengthening Primary Healthcare and Early Detection

One of Africa’s key strategies to combat NCDs is the expansion of primary healthcare services. Countries like Rwanda, Ethiopia, and Nigeria are investing in community health programmes to provide free or subsidised screening services for diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers.

Rwanda’s community-based health insurance system (CBHI) has been a game-changer in ensuring rural populations receive regular screenings and access to treatment. Similarly, Kenya has introduced mobile health clinics, bringing NCD preventive services to remote and underserved communities. These efforts align with global strategies emphasising early detection as a critical step in reducing NCD-related mortality.

The WHO PEN-Plus initiative has further decentralised healthcare by training local healthcare workers to diagnose and treat diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic conditions at the district level. This initiative, already implemented in several African nations, reduces reliance on overburdened urban hospitals and ensures patients receive care closer to home (WHO, 2023).

Public Awareness and Behavioural Change

Recognising that prevention is more effective than cure, African governments and health organisations are investing heavily in public health education campaigns. These initiatives focus on raising awareness about the dangers of tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity.

Countries like Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda have implemented large-scale media campaigns, school-based health programmes, and workplace wellness initiatives to encourage healthier lifestyles. Uganda’s corporate wellness programmes and Tanzania’s community-based fitness drives mirror global efforts where behavioural change campaigns have successfully reduced risk factors for NCDs.

At a continental level, the Africa CDC’s “Africa NCDs Prevention Initiative” aims to have at least 70% of African populations engaging in regular physical activity by 2030 (Africa CDC, 2023). These programmes align with WHO’s global target to reduce physical inactivity by 15% by 2030, demonstrating Africa’s commitment to a coordinated global response.

Expanding Access to Essential Medicines and Technologies

Globally, access to affordable NCD medications remains a challenge, and Africa is no exception. However, African nations are making strides in reducing the cost of essential medicines like insulin, antihypertensive drugs, and chemotherapy treatments.
The Africa Medicines Agency (AMA), established in 2022, is spearheading efforts to regulate and increase local production of essential NCD drugs, reducing reliance on expensive imports. As a result, several African countries are now producing insulin locally, significantly cutting costs for diabetic patients.

Additionally, nations like Morocco and Egypt have introduced subsidised medication programmes, ensuring that low-income populations can access life-saving treatments. These efforts parallel international models like India’s low-cost generic medicine programme, proving that local production can be a sustainable solution to NCD drug accessibility.

Overcoming Challenges and the Road Ahead

Despite these advancements, Africa still faces major challenges in fully addressing the NCD crisis. Limited healthcare funding, a shortage of specialised healthcare professionals, and weak enforcement of health policies remain barriers to progress. However, collaborations with international organisations, increased investment in health technology, and stronger political commitment are helping to bridge these gaps.

Africa’s approach to leveraging digital health solutions, such as telemedicine for remote NCD management, is also gaining momentum. Countries like South Africa and Nigeria are integrating artificial intelligence and mobile health apps to assist in early diagnosis and self-monitoring of chronic conditions, in line with global health technology trends.

The fight against non-communicable diseases is not unique to Africa; it is a global challenge. However, Africa is proving that despite limited resources, strategic policies, community-driven health initiatives, and innovative healthcare models can make a significant difference.

Through comprehensive policy interventions, early detection programmes, public health campaigns, and improved access to essential medicines, Africa is setting an example for other low- and middle-income regions worldwide. With continued investment and sustained commitment, the continent is well on its way to reducing the burden of NCDs and ensuring that future generations lead healthier, longer lives.

The post How Africa is Tackling the Rise of Non-Communicable Diseases appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs estimates that Africa’s population aged 60 and above will rise from 74.4 million in 2020 to approximately 225 million by 2050—an almost 200% increase in just three decades. The World Health Organisation (WHO) also projects that by 2050, one in five Africans will be aged 60 or older, marking a significant departure from the current demographic structure.

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The elderly population in sub-Saharan Africa was estimated at 43 million in 2010 and is projected to reach 67 million by 2025 and 163 million by 2050. However, Africa remains exceptionally young compared to other world regions that have been ageing at a faster rate; only 5.6% of Africa’s population was aged 60 or older in 2020.

Ageing is not an isolated phenomenon but rather a product of increasing life expectancy and declining fertility rates. Life expectancy in Africa has increased from an average of 50 years in the 1990s to about 64 years today, according to the World Bank. Advances in healthcare, improved maternal care, better disease control, and increased urbanisation have all contributed to this shift.

At the same time, fertility rates have seen a steady decline. The average number of births per woman in sub-Saharan Africa has dropped from 6.8 in the 1980s to 4.6 in 2023, based on World Bank data. Countries such as South Africa, Kenya, and Ghana are already experiencing the effects of this dual trend—rising life expectancy coupled with decreasing birth rates—gradually reshaping the population pyramid into a more cylindrical form.

The shift is even more pronounced in North African nations like Tunisia, Algeria, and Egypt, where fertility rates have plummeted to near replacement levels of about 2.1 births per woman. Egypt alone is projected to have over 16 million people aged 60 and above by 2050, according to UN data.

Will Africa’s Workforce Sustain the Ageing Population?

Africa has long benefitted from a demographic dividend, with a growing labour force supporting a relatively small dependent population. However, as the elderly population increases, this advantage could dissipate. Currently, about 6% of Africa’s population is over 60. By 2050, this figure will double. The critical question is: can Africa’s workforce sustain an increasing elderly population without adequate social security and pension structures?

A report by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) states that only 17% of Africans aged 60 and above currently receive a pension, compared to over 90% in Europe. Without robust pension systems, many elderly Africans will remain economically vulnerable, relying on informal family support networks that are already under strain due to urbanisation and changing social dynamics.

The Erosion of Traditional Support Systems

Historically, African societies have operated on strong intergenerational family structures, where the elderly were cared for within extended families. However, rapid urbanisation and economic migration have weakened these safety nets. Today, more young Africans live in cities than ever before. The urban population in Africa is expected to reach 1.34 billion by 2050, according to UN-Habitat. This mass movement has resulted in a growing number of elderly people living alone, abandoned, or in need of institutional care, which remains underdeveloped across much of the continent.

If this trend continues, Africa will face a crisis of elderly neglect, where millions of ageing individuals struggle without adequate family or government support. Unlike Western nations, where retirement homes and state-assisted elderly care are common, Africa still lacks a structured response to this growing issue.

Preparing for a Grey Future

The implications of an ageing Africa are clear: economic, healthcare, and social structures must adapt. Countries that fail to prepare for this demographic shift risk overburdening their economies, increasing poverty among the elderly, and straining already fragile healthcare systems.

One urgent priority is the establishment of universal pension schemes. Rwanda has pioneered a contributory pension system that provides a model for other nations. Nigeria’s National Pension Commission (PenCom) has also made strides in pension reforms, increasing coverage through micro-pension schemes for informal sector workers. However, these efforts need to be expanded across the continent.

Healthcare infrastructure must also be reconfigured to accommodate ageing-related illnesses. The prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes, and dementia among Africa’s elderly is rising. WHO reports that NCDs will account for nearly 50% of Africa’s disease burden by 2030. Countries must, therefore, invest in geriatric healthcare training, specialised hospitals, and home-care services.

Finally, Africa must redefine its workforce policies. As populations age, developed countries have implemented policies encouraging older adults to remain active in the workforce. Japan, for example, has increased the retirement age to 70, and similar reforms could be considered in Africa to maximise human capital utilisation.

What Happens If Africa Fails to Prepare?

If Africa ignores this looming demographic transition, the consequences will be severe. The lack of a structured elderly care system will lead to increased elderly poverty, exacerbating the burden on younger generations. Without pension schemes, millions will have to work far into old age, despite declining health and productivity. Healthcare systems will become overwhelmed, and governments will be forced to redirect resources from other critical sectors, stunting overall economic growth.

Moreover, if Africa fails to invest in geriatric healthcare, life expectancy improvements could stagnate, reversing years of progress. The rapid growth of elderly populations without corresponding support structures could lead to social instability as economic inequalities between the young and old deepen.

A Call to Action

The clock is ticking, and Africa’s leaders must act now. Policies must be crafted not only with a long-term vision but also with the immediacy this demographic transition demands. Investment in healthcare, pension schemes, elderly social services, and workforce participation models must become a top priority.

Africa is still in a position to harness the benefits of its demographic dividend, but that window is closing. Preparing for an ageing population today ensures that tomorrow’s elderly do not become an economic burden but rather an empowered and supported segment of society.

The storm is gathering, but with the right policies, Africa can weather it and emerge stronger, proving once again that demographic challenges, when met with strategic foresight, can be transformed into opportunities.

The post Africa’s Ageing Population: Are Governments Ready for a Demographic Shift? appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.