According to the World Bank, global remittances to low- and middle-income countries reached a record $685 billion in 2024, with Africa receiving approximately 5.8%. Nigeria alone accounted for $4.22 billion, representing a significant source of external financing. Countries such as Egypt ($29 billion) and Ghana ($6.65 billion) also benefit heavily from diaspora inflows. However, these remittances are primarily used for household consumption rather than large-scale investments.

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The introduction of diaspora bonds could shift this dynamic, directing a fraction of these funds towards national development projects. Israel, for example, has raised over $44 billion since launching its diaspora bond programme in 1951. India followed suit, successfully raising $11 billion through diaspora bonds during its economic crisis in 1991. If African nations replicate these models, they could unlock billions in new development funds.

The Potential of Diaspora Bonds in Africa

Africa’s diaspora community is one of its most significant assets. With over 50 million Africans living abroad, many have accumulated wealth and are willing to contribute to their home countries’ development. Unlike traditional foreign aid, diaspora bonds offer a direct and stable source of funding, as investors are emotionally and culturally tied to their homelands.

Ethiopia provides a noteworthy case study. The country issued its first diaspora bond in 2008, raising millions to finance the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Although challenges such as low subscription rates persisted, the initiative demonstrated the potential for mobilising diaspora resources. Similarly, Kenya launched its own diaspora bond in 2011 to fund infrastructure projects, though results were mixed due to limited investor confidence. By learning from these experiences, African governments can refine their approaches to attract more investors.

Challenges and Risks

Despite its potential, the success of diaspora bonds hinges on trust, governance, and financial stability. Many African governments struggle with issues of corruption, mismanagement, and political instability, discouraging diaspora members from investing. For instance, Ethiopia’s diaspora bond faced scepticism due to concerns about government transparency. To mitigate these risks, governments must adopt best practices, ensuring proper financial accountability, offering competitive interest rates, and fostering investor confidence through clear legal frameworks.

Nigeria presents a notable example. In 2017, the Nigerian government successfully issued a $300 million diaspora bond with an interest rate of 5.625%, targeting Nigerians in the U.S., U.K., and Europe. The bond was well received, proving that structured policies and transparent governance can attract diaspora investments.

A Global Perspective on Diaspora Bonds

Africa is not alone in leveraging diaspora bonds. Countries such as China and the Philippines have experimented with similar instruments to boost national development. China’s global diaspora has played a crucial role in financing the country’s economic rise, with expatriates heavily investing in national industries and infrastructure. The Philippines has also encouraged its overseas workforce, which remits over $30 billion annually, to invest in homeland projects. These global examples highlight that when effectively structured, diaspora bonds can become a reliable financing mechanism. Africa’s challenge is to instil confidence among its diaspora communities and create investment-friendly environments.

Unlocking Africa’s Financial Potential

To fully harness diaspora bonds, African nations must adopt strategic policies. First, governments should strengthen financial institutions, ensuring transparency and accountability. Establishing independent monitoring bodies to oversee bond utilisation will boost investor trust. Second, African countries must offer attractive incentives such as tax breaks and high-yield returns to make diaspora bonds competitive in global financial markets. Third, marketing and outreach efforts should be intensified. Many African diaspora members are unaware of these investment opportunities, underscoring the need for targeted campaigns, digital platforms, and partnerships with financial institutions abroad.

If well implemented, diaspora bonds could provide Africa with an alternative financial strategy to fund critical infrastructure, drive economic growth, and reduce dependency on foreign loans. The time has come for African nations to view their diaspora communities not just as remittance senders but as strategic investors in the continent’s future. By doing so, Africa can unlock billions in untapped capital, turning the vision of self-sustaining development into a reality.

The post Diaspora Bonds: Africa’s New Economic Lifeline appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

European countries, particularly the United Kingdom and France, also exhibit strong franchise networks, with thousands of successful franchise brands. In Asia, China and India have leveraged franchising to spur small business growth, with China alone experiencing a 15% annual increase in franchise businesses. The franchise model has proven resilient in diverse economies, providing entrepreneurs with a lower-risk entry into business ownership and bolstering local economies through employment opportunities.

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Africa’s Untapped Franchising Potential

Africa’s franchising sector remains dynamic yet largely untapped. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa is estimated at approximately $60 billion. According to the World Economic Forum, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) account for 95% of all registered businesses and contribute around 50% to the total GDP of Sub-Saharan African countries. SMEs play a critical role in driving economic growth, yet many struggle with sustainability. Data from the International Finance Corporation (IFC) indicates that about 80% of startups fail within the first five years. Franchising offers a structured business model that can mitigate this high failure rate by providing proven systems, established brand recognition, and ongoing operational support.

The South African franchise industry is the most mature on the continent, contributing around 15% to the country’s GDP and encompassing over 800 franchise brands. Nigeria and Kenya are emerging as strong players in the sector, with international brands such as Shoprite, KFC, Domino’s Pizza, and Cold Stone Creamery making significant inroads. Kenya, in particular, has seen a 12% growth in its franchise sector over the past five years, fuelled by a rising middle class and increasing urbanisation. Ghana, Egypt, and Morocco are also witnessing a gradual increase in franchise investments, signalling the potential for broader adoption across the continent.

Key Drivers of Franchise Growth in Africa

A combination of economic and demographic factors is making Africa an attractive frontier for franchising. The continent’s population, currently at 1.4 billion, is projected to reach 2.5 billion by 2050, with over 60% of its inhabitants under the age of 25. This youthful demographic is driving demand for both international and locally adapted brands. Urbanisation is another significant factor, with an estimated 50% of Africans expected to live in urban areas by 2030. This shift is increasing disposable income levels and altering consumer preferences towards standardised, quality-controlled goods and services—an area where franchises excel.

Furthermore, digitalisation is enhancing the feasibility of franchising in Africa. The continent’s mobile penetration rate stands at over 46%, with a projected increase to 50% by 2025. Mobile money services such as M-Pesa in Kenya, MTN Mobile Money in Ghana, and Flutterwave in Nigeria are facilitating seamless financial transactions, making it easier for franchises to operate and expand across borders.

Challenges Hindering Franchise Expansion

Despite its potential, franchising in Africa faces several challenges. Access to financing remains a significant barrier, as many prospective franchisees struggle to secure the necessary capital. The average cost of starting a franchise in Africa varies widely, from $50,000 for smaller brands to over $1 million for well-known international franchises. High interest rates on business loans, averaging between 15-25% in many African countries, further exacerbate the issue.

Regulatory complexities also pose hurdles. Many African nations lack clear franchise-specific legislation, leading to inconsistent enforcement of contracts and intellectual property protections. South Africa is one of the few countries with a dedicated franchise regulatory framework under the Consumer Protection Act, but other nations continue to grapple with legal uncertainties that deter potential investors.

Additionally, supply chain inefficiencies and infrastructure deficits present operational challenges. Poor road networks, unreliable electricity supply, and inefficient logistics can hinder franchise businesses reliant on timely supply chains. However, increasing investments in infrastructure projects, such as the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), aim to improve trade flows and connectivity across the region.

The Future of Franchising in Africa

Despite these challenges, the outlook for franchising in Africa remains optimistic. Several international brands are adopting an ‘Africanised’ approach by integrating local preferences into their offerings. McDonald’s, for instance, has adapted its menu in Egypt to include halal-certified products, while KFC in Nigeria sources over 80% of its ingredients locally to navigate import restrictions.

Furthermore, homegrown African franchises are on the rise. South Africa’s Debonairs Pizza, Nigeria’s Chicken Republic, and Kenya’s Java House have successfully expanded within and beyond their home countries, proving that African franchises can scale effectively. The rise of technology-driven franchise models, such as cloud kitchens and e-commerce-based retail franchises, is also shaping the future of African franchising.

As financial institutions and investors increasingly recognise the profitability of franchising, initiatives such as franchise-focused funding schemes by the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the World Bank are emerging to provide necessary capital. Additionally, governments can play a pivotal role by establishing clearer franchise regulations, improving infrastructure, and fostering an environment conducive to business expansion.

Franchising is not merely a business model; it is a vehicle for economic transformation. With strategic investments, regulatory support, and a shift in entrepreneurial mindset, franchising has the potential to redefine African entrepreneurship, create jobs, and stimulate sustainable economic growth.

The post Franchising Could Revolutionise African Entrepreneurship appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

According to the World Bank, disputes over land access and control frequently escalate into violence and conflict, leading to dispossession and forced displacement within and across borders. Estimates suggest that 56% of global conflicts are related to land, with the majority occurring in developing countries. By the end of 2015, 95% of the 65 million refugees and internally displaced people worldwide were living in developing regions.

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A Global Perspective on Land Ownership and Development

The debate over land ownership and development is not new. From the Americas to Asia, history reveals numerous instances where indigenous landowners have been displaced in the name of modernisation. In the United States, the principle of eminent domain has been applied since the 19th century to acquire land for public use, often at the expense of Native American tribes. Reports indicate that between 1887 and 1934, over 90 million acres of Native American land were lost under policies such as the Dawes Act.

In India, infrastructure expansion has frequently come at the cost of agrarian communities. According to Land Conflict Watch, over 2.1 million people in India have been affected by disputes linked to development projects, with large-scale displacements resulting from coal mining, highway expansions, and urbanisation. Similarly, in Brazil, industrial farming has driven Amazonian deforestation, impacting indigenous territories that account for nearly 13% of the country’s land.

Meanwhile, China has pursued aggressive urbanisation policies. Since 2000, approximately 50,000 villages have been urbanised, displacing millions in the name of economic expansion. While this has contributed to GDP growth, it has also fuelled social unrest, as seen in the 2011 Wukan protests, where villagers revolted against government land seizures.

Africa at the Crossroads: Ancestral Claims vs. Economic Imperatives

In Africa, land remains a deeply political and economic asset. Over 60% of the continent’s population relies on agriculture, yet increasing portions of land are being allocated to large-scale infrastructure projects, foreign direct investments, and extractive industries. The African Union’s Agenda 2063 recognises land as central to sustainable development but struggles to balance land ownership rights with economic growth.

Approximately 90% of Africa’s land is informally held under customary tenure systems. Countries such as Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya operate dual land tenure systems, where formal government control coexists with indigenous land ownership. According to the World Bank, over 70% of sub-Saharan Africa’s land remains undocumented, making it vulnerable to disputes and state acquisition. For example, the Tanzanian government faced international backlash when it attempted to repurpose 1,500 square kilometres of Maasai land for wildlife conservation, displacing thousands of indigenous inhabitants.

Foreign Direct Investments and Land Grabs

Africa has seen a surge in foreign direct investment (FDI), particularly in agriculture and mining. Between 2000 and 2020, an estimated 50 million hectares of African land were acquired by foreign entities—a phenomenon often described as “land grabs.” The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) alone allocated over 9 million hectares to palm oil and biofuel companies, frequently without clear compensation for local communities. Reports from the Oakland Institute indicate that in Ethiopia, vast tracts of land have been leased to foreign agribusinesses, displacing small-scale farmers in the Gambella region.

Infrastructure Boom vs. Displacement

The drive for mega-infrastructure projects, particularly in East and West Africa, has intensified land-related conflicts. Nigeria’s Lekki Free Trade Zone, a flagship economic initiative, has sparked widespread protests, with local communities claiming inadequate compensation for their lands. Similarly, Kenya’s Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) corridor has led to legal battles between the government and indigenous communities over land rights.

Legal Frameworks: Are They Sufficient?

Efforts to establish legal safeguards for landowners have yielded mixed results. The African Land Policy Initiative under the African Union seeks to promote fair land governance, yet implementation remains inconsistent. Some countries, like Rwanda, have embarked on large-scale land titling projects, registering over 11 million parcels and reducing disputes by 85%. However, nations such as Zimbabwe and South Africa continue to grapple with the legacy of colonial land dispossession, making redistribution efforts politically charged.

The Path Forward

Can Africa strike a balance between development and land rights without compromising either? One potential solution is the introduction of land value capture mechanisms, ensuring that the benefits of development are shared equitably. Another approach is the adoption of community-inclusive development models, such as Ghana’s community benefit agreements in mining areas. However, if left unregulated, aggressive land acquisitions could exacerbate displacement, deepen inequalities, and fuel social unrest. This is evident in countries such as Sudan, where land-related conflicts contribute to ongoing instability.

Africa’s approach to land ownership and development must navigate a precarious path. While economic progress is essential, it cannot come at the complete expense of indigenous rights. The future depends on transparent legal frameworks, equitable land policies, and inclusive development models. If managed correctly, Africa can achieve both growth and stability, ensuring that land remains a source of empowerment rather than a catalyst for conflict.

The post Land Rights vs. Development: Who Owns Africa’s Future? appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

In 2021, NCDs were responsible for at least 43 million deaths, accounting for 75% of all non-pandemic-related deaths globally. Of these, 18 million people died before the age of 70, with 82% of these premature deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. Cardiovascular diseases remained the leading cause, claiming at least 19 million lives, followed by cancers (10 million), chronic respiratory diseases (4 million), and diabetes (over 2 million, including kidney disease deaths caused by diabetes).

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As the world grapples with the NCD crisis, Africa is taking bold steps to mitigate the impact of these diseases. Governments, health institutions, and international organisations are scaling up efforts to prevent, manage, and reduce the burden of NCDs, proving that Africa is not just a victim of this crisis but an active player in the global fight.

Policy-Driven Approaches to NCD Prevention

African nations have recognised the urgency of the NCD crisis and are implementing policy-driven approaches to curb their prevalence. Countries like Kenya, South Africa, Ghana, and Nigeria have introduced national NCD action plans, incorporating measures such as taxing unhealthy products, regulating processed foods, and expanding national screening programmes.

Globally, the taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages has been a proven deterrent against unhealthy consumption. South Africa became the first African country to introduce a sugar tax in 2018, a move that has significantly reduced soft drink sales and aims to curb obesity and diabetes. Ghana has embraced the WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions (WHO-PEN), strengthening its primary healthcare system to ensure early detection and effective management of NCDs (WHO, 2022).

At a continental level, the African Union (AU) and WHO Africa Regional Office have championed the 2022–2030 Strategy for the Prevention and Control of NCDs, which seeks to integrate NCD care into universal health coverage programmes. This strategy aims to ensure that at least 80% of African countries implement effective NCD prevention measures by 2030 (WHO Africa, 2023).

Strengthening Primary Healthcare and Early Detection

One of Africa’s key strategies to combat NCDs is the expansion of primary healthcare services. Countries like Rwanda, Ethiopia, and Nigeria are investing in community health programmes to provide free or subsidised screening services for diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers.

Rwanda’s community-based health insurance system (CBHI) has been a game-changer in ensuring rural populations receive regular screenings and access to treatment. Similarly, Kenya has introduced mobile health clinics, bringing NCD preventive services to remote and underserved communities. These efforts align with global strategies emphasising early detection as a critical step in reducing NCD-related mortality.

The WHO PEN-Plus initiative has further decentralised healthcare by training local healthcare workers to diagnose and treat diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic conditions at the district level. This initiative, already implemented in several African nations, reduces reliance on overburdened urban hospitals and ensures patients receive care closer to home (WHO, 2023).

Public Awareness and Behavioural Change

Recognising that prevention is more effective than cure, African governments and health organisations are investing heavily in public health education campaigns. These initiatives focus on raising awareness about the dangers of tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity.

Countries like Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda have implemented large-scale media campaigns, school-based health programmes, and workplace wellness initiatives to encourage healthier lifestyles. Uganda’s corporate wellness programmes and Tanzania’s community-based fitness drives mirror global efforts where behavioural change campaigns have successfully reduced risk factors for NCDs.

At a continental level, the Africa CDC’s “Africa NCDs Prevention Initiative” aims to have at least 70% of African populations engaging in regular physical activity by 2030 (Africa CDC, 2023). These programmes align with WHO’s global target to reduce physical inactivity by 15% by 2030, demonstrating Africa’s commitment to a coordinated global response.

Expanding Access to Essential Medicines and Technologies

Globally, access to affordable NCD medications remains a challenge, and Africa is no exception. However, African nations are making strides in reducing the cost of essential medicines like insulin, antihypertensive drugs, and chemotherapy treatments.
The Africa Medicines Agency (AMA), established in 2022, is spearheading efforts to regulate and increase local production of essential NCD drugs, reducing reliance on expensive imports. As a result, several African countries are now producing insulin locally, significantly cutting costs for diabetic patients.

Additionally, nations like Morocco and Egypt have introduced subsidised medication programmes, ensuring that low-income populations can access life-saving treatments. These efforts parallel international models like India’s low-cost generic medicine programme, proving that local production can be a sustainable solution to NCD drug accessibility.

Overcoming Challenges and the Road Ahead

Despite these advancements, Africa still faces major challenges in fully addressing the NCD crisis. Limited healthcare funding, a shortage of specialised healthcare professionals, and weak enforcement of health policies remain barriers to progress. However, collaborations with international organisations, increased investment in health technology, and stronger political commitment are helping to bridge these gaps.

Africa’s approach to leveraging digital health solutions, such as telemedicine for remote NCD management, is also gaining momentum. Countries like South Africa and Nigeria are integrating artificial intelligence and mobile health apps to assist in early diagnosis and self-monitoring of chronic conditions, in line with global health technology trends.

The fight against non-communicable diseases is not unique to Africa; it is a global challenge. However, Africa is proving that despite limited resources, strategic policies, community-driven health initiatives, and innovative healthcare models can make a significant difference.

Through comprehensive policy interventions, early detection programmes, public health campaigns, and improved access to essential medicines, Africa is setting an example for other low- and middle-income regions worldwide. With continued investment and sustained commitment, the continent is well on its way to reducing the burden of NCDs and ensuring that future generations lead healthier, longer lives.

The post How Africa is Tackling the Rise of Non-Communicable Diseases appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Progress Amidst Fragmentation

The region’s defence industry, though fragmented, has seen notable progress. Countries such as South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, and Algeria have made significant strides towards military self-sufficiency. South Africa, through Denel, has long been a leader in military production, manufacturing sophisticated weaponry, armoured vehicles, and missile technology. Nigeria, through the Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria (DICON), has intensified efforts in small arms production and is collaborating with foreign partners to develop indigenous military capabilities.

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Egypt stands as one of the continent’s most advanced military producers, manufacturing a range of weapons, armoured vehicles, and even assembling fighter jets. Algeria, leveraging its economic strength, has heavily invested in domestic arms production. Meanwhile, countries such as Ethiopia, Kenya, and Ghana are slowly emerging as players in the sector, exploring partnerships to boost local manufacturing.

A major challenge Africa faces in building its defence industry is fragmentation. Unlike Europe, where collective defence mechanisms such as the European Defence Fund foster collaboration among nations, Africa lacks a unified military-industrial framework. While the African Union (AU) has made attempts to promote security cooperation, these efforts have yet to translate into a cohesive defence strategy.

Regional Collaboration: A Path Forward

A potential solution lies in regional collaborations. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) could spearhead joint military manufacturing projects. Pooling resources would lower production costs and ensure standardisation of weapons across multiple nations. A coordinated approach would not only strengthen Africa’s defence capabilities but also enhance interoperability among its armed forces.

Investment and Economic Prospects: The Business of War

Military manufacturing is not just about security; it is also an economic driver. Africa currently spends billions annually on arms imports. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the continent accounted for 5.1% of global arms imports between 2018 and 2022, with major suppliers including Russia (40%), China (13%), and the United States (11%). Redirecting even a fraction of these expenditures into local production could significantly impact employment, technology transfer, and economic growth.

Some African nations have begun to explore defence exports. South Africa already supplies military hardware to multiple countries, while Egypt has ambitions of becoming a regional arms supplier. Expanding domestic production to supply African nations could reduce dependency on external players while strengthening economic ties within the continent.

Funding, Technology, and Political Challenges

Building a sustainable defence industry comes with considerable challenges. First, funding remains a major hurdle. Defence manufacturing requires substantial capital investment, which many African nations struggle to secure due to economic constraints. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and public-private partnerships could offer a pathway to overcoming this financial barrier.

Secondly, technological expertise is a limiting factor. Advanced military hardware, such as fighter jets, drones, and missile systems, requires specialised knowledge. Africa’s reliance on foreign technical expertise restricts its ability to produce cutting-edge weaponry. Strengthening science and engineering education, as well as securing technology transfers through strategic partnerships, could help bridge this gap.

Political instability also presents a significant challenge. Many African nations experience frequent leadership changes, policy inconsistencies, and bureaucratic inefficiencies that hinder long-term defence planning. A stable and transparent governance structure is crucial to sustaining military-industrial growth.

The Path to Military Independence

For Africa to establish a formidable defence industry, several key strategies must be pursued. First, regional collaboration is essential. The establishment of an African Defence Production Alliance could unify efforts, much like NATO’s defence industry collaborations. Secondly, strategic partnerships with countries such as Turkey, Brazil, and India—nations that have successfully built their own defence industries—could provide crucial expertise and technological support.

Finally, African nations must view defence manufacturing as a long-term investment rather than an immediate necessity. A phased approach, beginning with small arms and gradually advancing to high-tech weaponry, would be more sustainable. With political will, strategic investment, and regional cooperation, Africa can indeed forge its path towards military self-sufficiency and emerge as a key player in the global defence industry.

The vision of an Africa that produces its own military power is ambitious but achievable. While challenges exist, the momentum is growing, and the economic and security benefits are undeniable. If African nations can overcome the hurdles of funding, technology, and coordination, the continent could transition from being a consumer of defence technology to a formidable force in the global arms industry. The future of Africa’s defence industry is being written today—one factory, one innovation, and one collaboration at a time.

The post Africa’s Defence Industry: Can the Continent Build Its Own Military Power? appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Africa’s economic dynamism has made it a pivotal player in the Global South coalition. Recent initiatives, such as South Africa’s presidency of the G20, have positioned the continent as a bridge between emerging markets and established economic powers. The Development Bank of Southern Africa underscores the significance of these efforts, noting that African nations are championing dialogues on sustainable development, climate change, and equitable trade practices.

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Economic Transformation

Africa’s evolution from resource dependency to innovation-led economies symbolises a remarkable paradigm shift. Countries like Kenya, Nigeria, and Senegal have become tech hubs, hosting start-ups that address local challenges with global implications. For instance, Kenya’s M-Pesa platform revolutionised financial inclusion, inspiring digital payment systems worldwide. Meanwhile, Nigeria’s fintech industry has attracted over $600 million in investment annually, according to McKinsey & Company.

Agriculture, long the backbone of African economies, is undergoing a renaissance driven by technology. Smart farming techniques and agri-tech innovations have increased productivity and bolstered food security. Rwanda’s efforts to digitise farming practices have resulted in a 25% increase in crop yields since 2020, illustrating how technology can revolutionise traditional sectors.

Infrastructure remains the lifeblood of Africa’s economic growth. The African Union’s Agenda 2063 underscores ambitious projects like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), aimed at integrating a market of 1.4 billion people. The AfCFTA, expected to increase intra-African trade by 52% by 2025, reflects the continent’s commitment to creating a unified economic bloc.

Flagship infrastructure projects, including Ethiopia’s Grand Renaissance Dam and Senegal’s Dakar-Diamniadio Toll Highway, symbolise Africa’s determination to overcome logistical challenges and harness its natural resources effectively. According to the African Development Bank, investments in infrastructure could add up to 2% to Africa’s annual GDP growth by 2030.

Harnessing the Power of Partnerships

Africa’s collaboration with other Global South nations has amplified its voice in international forums. Partnerships with China, India, and Brazil have driven investments in renewable energy, technology, and manufacturing. China alone has committed over $300 billion in infrastructure projects across Africa, while India’s trade with the continent exceeded $90 billion in 2023.

The growing emphasis on South-South cooperation is reshaping the geopolitical landscape, enabling Africa to negotiate better terms for trade and investment. Initiatives like the India-Africa Forum Summit and the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation have reinforced this dynamic, fostering mutual growth.

Challenges on the Horizon

While Africa’s ascent is noteworthy, challenges persist. Climate change, political instability, and inadequate access to education and healthcare remain formidable barriers. The continent’s youthful population, while a potential asset, also poses a risk if job creation does not keep pace with demographic growth.

Corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies continue to hinder progress. According to Transparency International, Africa loses an estimated $50 billion annually to illicit financial flows, funds that could otherwise be channelled into development initiatives.

A Vision for 2030 and Beyond

To sustain its momentum, Africa must adopt a multi-faceted approach:

Investing in Education and Skills Development: Empowering its youth with relevant skills can transform Africa’s demographic bulge into a dividend. Initiatives like Rwanda’s coding academies and Nigeria’s tech hubs are steps in the right direction.

Accelerating Green Growth: Africa holds 60% of the world’s solar energy potential. Countries like South Africa and Morocco are already leading the charge with large-scale renewable energy projects. By harnessing this potential, Africa can not only achieve energy security but also lead global efforts in combating climate change.

Strengthening Governance and Transparency: Addressing corruption and fostering institutional reforms are crucial for attracting foreign investment and ensuring equitable distribution of resources.

Africa’s New Dawn

Africa’s journey to becoming the vanguard of the Global South is not just a tale of economic growth but a testament to its resilience, innovation, and ambition. Like the Baobab tree, deeply rooted yet reaching skyward, Africa’s economic renaissance symbolises strength, adaptability, and boundless potential.

As the continent continues to write its growth narrative, it serves as an inspiration for the Global South, proving that sustainable development is not just a goal but an achievable reality. The world is watching as Africa leads the way—not as a follower, but as a trailblazer.

The post Africa’s Economic Growth Leading the Global South appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

While many governments embrace digital transformation, some simultaneously enact policies and deploy technologies that threaten internet freedom, privacy, and democracy. This trend raises critical questions about governance, security, and technology’s role in shaping the future of global society.

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The digital revolution has been a game-changer worldwide. As of 2024, an estimated 5.5 billion people(68% of the global population) were online, up from 5.3 billion the previous year. This explosion in digital engagement has driven e-commerce, online entrepreneurship, and government-led digital initiatives aimed at improving governance and economic growth. However, this rapid expansion has also paved the way for policies that curtail freedom and human rights.

A review of global digital governance trends reveals a concerning pattern: the creeping influence of digital authoritarianism. Internet shutdowns have become a common political tool, with governments implementing over 400 shutdowns between 2019 and 2023, affecting millions. According to Surfshark’s 2024 report, 63 new internet restrictions were imposed across 17 countries, impacting 2.6 billion people, a 4% increase from 2023. Protests were the leading cause, accounting for 50% of all shutdowns, with Asia and Africa being the hardest-hit regions. India and Mozambique led in new restrictions, highlighting the growing use of internet shutdowns to suppress dissent. Countries such as Russia, China, India, and Ethiopia have used shutdowns during elections, protests, and political crises, often under the guise of national security, yet in practice, they limit access to information and stifle opposition.

Cybercrime laws and online censorship are also being weaponised to silence dissent. While such laws are necessary to combat digital fraud and misinformation, some governments exploit them to suppress free speech. China’s Great Firewall remains one of the world’s most extensive internet censorship systems, restricting access to information and controlling public discourse. Russia has enacted stringent laws to curb digital dissent, while India’s new Information Technology Rules have raised concerns about government overreach in regulating online speech.

Mass surveillance and data privacy violations present another pressing challenge. Governments increasingly adopt surveillance technologies, including facial recognition and biometric databases. In the United States, the NSA’s mass surveillance programmes have sparked fierce debates over privacy rights. In the European Union, despite stringent GDPR regulations, concerns persist over AI-driven surveillance by law enforcement. In Africa, Kenya’s Huduma Namba digital ID project has been criticised for data privacy risks and the potential misuse of citizens’ information.

A crucial yet often overlooked factor in digital authoritarianism is the role of foreign technology providers. Chinese firms such as Huawei and ZTE have been linked to the installation of surveillance networks in countries including Zambia and Uganda. Meanwhile, American companies have faced scrutiny for selling surveillance software to regimes known for human rights violations. These technologies are frequently deployed to monitor political opponents and suppress protests, raising serious concerns about external influence on digital governance.

National Security vs. Civic Freedoms

Governments argue that these measures are necessary to combat cyber threats, misinformation, and terrorism. With the rise of online radicalisation and cybercrime, robust digital governance is essential. However, the challenge lies in balancing security and democratic freedoms. Blanket internet shutdowns, unchecked surveillance, and restrictive laws often do more harm than good, eroding public trust and stifling innovation.

Learning from World Leaders

Digital governance is a global issue, and different nations have taken varying approaches. Countries across Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America have faced similar dilemmas, yet some have managed to balance security and democracy effectively. Taiwan, for instance, has leveraged technology to enhance transparency and strengthen data protection laws, serving as a model for open governance. Policymakers worldwide can draw lessons from such approaches to build accountable, citizen-centred digital policies.

To prevent the unchecked rise of digital authoritarianism while ensuring national security, governments must adopt a more inclusive, rights-respecting approach to digital governance. Strengthening data protection laws is crucial to safeguarding citizens from unauthorised surveillance and data breaches.

Digital literacy and awareness programmes should be promoted to educate citizens on their rights and safe online engagement. Multi-stakeholder collaboration—where governments, civil society, and the private sector work together—is essential for crafting balanced digital policies. Judicial oversight must be reinforced to prevent the misuse of cyber laws, ensuring legal frameworks serve the public interest rather than political agendas. Additionally, regional and global cooperation is vital for establishing international norms that protect digital rights while maintaining security.

A Call for Digital Freedom Globally

The world stands at a digital crossroads. Nations have the opportunity to harness technology for good, driving economic and social progress. However, if digital tools are weaponised against citizens, the long-term consequences could be dire for democracy and human rights. The battle against digital authoritarianism is not solely a governmental issue—it requires collective action from civil society, businesses, and individuals to shape the future of digital governance. The time to act is now.

The post The Silent Battle: The Global Threat of Digital Authoritarianism appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Historically regarded as a source of raw materials, Africa is now shaping its destiny by leveraging its youthful population, expanding markets, and transformative policies. By 2030, consumer spending across the continent is projected to surpass $2.5 trillion, making Africa an increasingly attractive destination for investment. As a Nigerian proverb aptly puts it, “A bird does not change its feathers in flight.” Africa’s ability to adapt while retaining its unique identity is central to its partnerships with emerging economies.

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In 2024, African nations are expected to dominate the list of the world’s fastest-growing economies, with countries such as Niger, Senegal, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) leading the way. These nations are achieving growth rates exceeding 5%, driven by infrastructure development, resource diversification, and strategic investments in energy and agriculture. For example, Rwanda’s private sector consumption and investments remain key pillars of its steady economic progress, with growth projected at 7.2% in 2024.

The Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) forecasts the continent’s GDP growth to rise from 2.8% in 2023 to 3.5% in 2024, with further growth to 4.1% by 2025. However, to meet the ambitious targets set by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Agenda 2063, Africa must accelerate its growth rates.

Emerging Economies

Africa’s engagement with countries such as China, India, and Brazil is redefining traditional economic partnerships. These nations offer not only financial investments but also knowledge transfer and technological expertise. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), for example, has directed billions into African infrastructure projects, including roads, ports, and energy plants. By 2023, Chinese investments in Africa had exceeded $300 billion, with a focus on renewable energy and digital transformation.

India, often referred to as the “pharmacy of the world,” has strengthened its pharmaceutical exports to Africa, addressing critical healthcare challenges. Additionally, India has committed to collaborative initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance, where African nations play a key role.

AfCFTA: A Gateway to Integration

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is a historic endeavour to transform Africa into a single market, fostering intra-African trade and reducing dependence on external economies. The agreement has already increased trade within the continent by 20%, with projections suggesting it could add $450 billion to Africa’s GDP by 2035. As a Zambian proverb aptly states, “When you run alone, you run fast. When you run together, you run far.” This spirit of unity underpins the potential of the AfCFTA.

The Green Revolution

Africa is positioning itself at the forefront of the global renewable energy revolution. With 60% of the world’s best solar resources located on the continent, nations such as Egypt, Morocco, and South Africa are rapidly expanding their renewable energy capacities. Rwanda, for example, has pioneered solar microgrids, bringing electricity to thousands of rural households.
The transition to green energy is supported by international partnerships. For instance, the European Union and the African Union have initiated collaborations worth €150 billion under the Global Gateway Africa-Europe Investment Package.

Despite these advancements, Africa faces significant challenges, including rising debt, climate change, and geopolitical instability. The continent’s debt-to-GDP ratio is approaching 60%, raising concerns about fiscal sustainability. Additionally, the adverse effects of climate change threaten key sectors such as agriculture and tourism.

Africa’s Leadership in a Multipolar World

Africa’s engagement with emerging economies is not merely transactional but transformational. As Nigerian statesman Nnamdi Azikiwe once remarked, “Originality is the essence of true scholarship. Creativity is the soul of the true scholar.” Africa’s leaders must chart a path that prioritises creativity, sustainability, and inclusivity.
The recent Cambridge Africa Business Conference underscored the importance of leveraging education, technology, and strategic alliances to amplify Africa’s global influence.

The partnerships between Africa and emerging global economies mark the beginning of a new chapter—one that balances mutual interests with Africa’s aspirations for autonomy. By embracing innovation, integrating its markets, and fostering sustainable partnerships, Africa is poised not only to participate in the global economy but also to shape its future.
As an African proverb puts it, “If you want to go far, go together.” Africa’s journey with emerging economies exemplifies this ethos, a collaborative stride towards an era of shared prosperity.

The post Forging Alliances: Africa and Emerging Global Economies appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

According to Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General, Tuberculosis is as old as humanity itself. It has afflicted kings and queens, poets and politicians, revolutionaries and writers, activists and actors. Most of its victims, however, are poor, marginalised or malnourished, and the out-of-pocket costs associated with treating TB expose them to financial hardship or drive them further into poverty.

Global Tuberculosis Trends and WHO Analysis

The World Health Organisation (WHO) 2024 report on tuberculosis reveals that approximately 8.2 million people were newly diagnosed with TB in 2023, the highest number recorded since WHO began global TB monitoring in 1995. This figure represents an increase from 7.5 million in 2022, placing TB once again as the leading infectious disease killer, surpassing COVID-19.

While TB-related deaths have decreased slightly, from 1.32 million in 2022 to 1.25 million in 2023, the number of people falling ill with TB rose to an estimated 10.8 million. WHO’s report attributes these mixed trends to persistent challenges like significant underfunding, especially in high-burden countries (over 30 globally). India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, and Pakistan together account for 56% of the global TB burden. Among those affected, 55% are men, 33% women, and 12% children and young adolescents.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General, stated that “the fact TB still kills and sickens so many people is an outrage, when we have the tools to prevent it, detect it and treat it.” He urges all countries to make good on the concrete commitments they have made to expand the use of those tools, and to end TB.

In 2023, the gap between estimated and reported new TB cases narrowed to about 2.7 million, down from around 4 million during the COVID-19 pandemic. This improvement reflects significant national and global recovery efforts to counteract COVID-related disruptions in TB services. Coverage of TB preventive treatment has also improved, particularly for people living with HIV and for household contacts of those diagnosed with TB.

However, multidrug-resistant TB remains a public health crisis. Although treatment success rates for MDR/RR-TB reached 68%, only 44% of the estimated 400,000 people who developed this form of TB in 2023 received diagnosis and treatment.

Funding Gaps

Global funding for TB prevention and care decreased further in 2023, falling significantly short of the $22 billion annual target. Only $5.7 billion was available, amounting to just 26% of the global need. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which bear 98% of the TB burden, were particularly affected by these funding gaps. International donor funding for TB has remained stagnant at around $1.1–1.2 billion per year, with the United States government as the largest bilateral contributor and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria as the top international funder.

The report stresses the importance of sustained financial investment to ensure effective TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Insufficient funding also hampers TB research, which received only one-fifth of its $5 billion target in 2022, limiting advancements in diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines. WHO continues to champion the development of new TB vaccines through initiatives like the TB Vaccine Accelerator Council.

The Win in Africa

Africa has made remarkable progress, with 70% of all TB cases on the continent now being detected and treated—the highest rate recorded to date. This success stems from years of investment in health infrastructure, enhanced diagnostic capabilities, and community awareness initiatives that encourage timely diagnosis and treatment.

Countries such as Nigeria and South Africa have intensified their TB detection efforts, even amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Nigeria, for example, nearly tripled its TB case notifications, from 106,000 in 2018 to approximately 285,000 in 2022. Overall, TB deaths in Africa have decreased by 38%, and new cases have dropped by 23% since 2015. Cabo Verde, Eswatini, and South Africa have achieved over a 50% reduction in TB incidence, largely due to integrated healthcare approaches that address TB alongside conditions like HIV.

Although Africa still faces funding challenges—requiring an estimated $3.9 billion annually for TB elimination but mobilising only $890 million in 2022—African nations are working to bridge this gap through domestic funding and partnerships with global health organisations. Key strategies include public awareness campaigns, healthcare worker training, and community-based health models, all crucial to sustaining momentum in eradicating TB.

With steadfast determination, Africa’s journey to make TB a disease of the past is progressing, positioning the continent as a global example of resilience and effective health collaboration. While challenges remain, each milestone reflects Africa’s unwavering commitment to public health, leaving no one behind in the fight against TB.

The post Africa’s Fight Against Tuberculosis: Key Insights from WHO’s 2024 Report appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

A Powerhouse in Global Development

Since its founding in 2009, BRICS—comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—has evolved into one of the world’s most influential geopolitical alliances. Initially focused on economic cooperation, BRICS has broadened its scope to address global challenges, including climate change, sustainable development, and green innovation. Together, the original BRICS nations represent over 40% of the world’s population and contribute nearly 31.5% of global GDP, a figure expected to grow with the inclusion of new members.

The decision to expand BRICS reflects the group’s desire to diversify and enhance its influence on the world stage. The inclusion of Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE significantly strengthens the bloc’s position in global affairs, particularly in energy and technological innovation. This enlarged BRICS presents an opportunity for enhanced collaboration on green technology and renewable energy solutions, where these countries have made substantial progress.

Green Technology as a Priority

With climate change threatening to exacerbate social, economic, and environmental inequalities, BRICS has prioritised green technology innovation. The bloc’s commitment to driving advancements in renewable energy, carbon reduction, and sustainable development is evident in its recent initiatives and investments.

In 2022, BRICS nations accounted for 36% of global renewable energy capacity, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). China leads in this area, producing over 70% of the world’s solar panels and dominating wind energy production. Meanwhile, India is rapidly expanding its renewable energy infrastructure, aiming for 500 gigawatts (GW) of renewable capacity by 2030. Brazil, with its extensive hydropower resources, and Russia, through advancements in nuclear energy and clean energy research, also make significant contributions to the bloc’s green agenda.

Reflecting the urgency of this mission, Xi Jinping, President of China, stated at a previous BRICS summit, “Our focus on clean energy is not just a necessity; it is a responsibility. As BRICS nations, we must lead the way in promoting green development for the world.” This sentiment captures the bloc’s ambition to position itself as a leader in the global fight against climate change.

New Members, New Strengths

The expansion of BRICS with the inclusion of Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE introduces fresh opportunities for collaboration in green technology. Each country brings unique strengths that can enhance BRICS’s capacity for innovation and sustainable solutions:

• Egypt: A leading player in Africa’s renewable energy landscape, Egypt is home to the Benban Solar Park, one of the largest solar farms globally. The country has been a key advocate for climate action, hosting the COP27 summit in 2022.
• Ethiopia: Rapidly developing its hydropower capacity, Ethiopia’s Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is set to be one of Africa’s largest hydropower installations, significantly contributing to BRICS’s green energy goals.
• Iran: With rich natural resources, Iran is diversifying its energy portfolio through investments in wind and solar power. The country’s potential to harness these resources through green technology offers BRICS an opportunity to enhance its renewable energy capabilities.
• UAE: Home to Masdar, a global leader in renewable energy, the UAE has invested billions in solar and hydrogen energy technologies. Its participation in BRICS is expected to accelerate the bloc’s transition toward sustainable energy solutions.

READ ALSO: BRICS and Africa: A Partnership for African Youths

Sustainability and Leadership Commitment

BRICS leaders consistently emphasise their commitment to advancing green technology and sustainability. Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, has highlighted the importance of cooperation in the green sector, noting that “BRICS is uniquely positioned to lead the charge in sustainable development by pooling resources and technological know-how to innovate in clean energy.” Similarly, Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India, stressed the need for strategic partnerships during last year’s summit, stating, “By working together, BRICS can build the sustainable infrastructure needed to create a greener world.” This shared sentiment reflects a common vision: to invest in green technology and foster partnerships that drive collective success.

The Way Forward

As the 2024 summit unfolds in Russia, the expanded BRICS has a unique opportunity to lead global green technology innovation. With their combined economic strength and natural resources, BRICS nations are well-positioned to make significant contributions to the fight against climate change.

According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), renewable energy investments within BRICS countries are projected to grow by 8% annually through 2030. With new members like Ethiopia, which has vast hydropower potential, and the UAE, with its advanced solar energy infrastructure, this expansion heralds a new era of green development.

The ongoing BRICS summit is not merely a meeting of nations; it is a call to action. With increased membership, greater resources, and a collective ambition to innovate, BRICS has the potential to set the global standard for green growth. As Cyril Ramaphosa, President of South Africa, aptly stated, “Our path forward must be one that leads to sustainability—not just for BRICS nations, but for the entire world.”

As the world watches the outcomes of this summit, anticipation builds that BRICS, now strengthened by its new members, will forge ahead with sustainable innovations benefiting both its economies and the global community. The time for green leadership is now, and BRICS is poised to lead the charge.

The post BRICS Green Technology Collaboration: Shaping a Sustainable Future with New Members appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.