Its about The Law, the Deals, and the Future as Emeka U. Opara Dissects Africa’s Global Partnerships and Prospects

Africa and the European Union

With your extensive background in international law, how do you assess the EU’s role in Africa’s economic and political development, particularly through agreements like the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs)? Do these agreements foster real progress, or do they reinforce dependency?

I have a foundational understanding of the World Trade Organization (WTO). During my Master’s programme in International Law at the University of Leiden, I took a course on WTO Law. Though I did not sit for the exam, I received a certificate of attendance.

Regarding your question, I would approach it with caution. On paper, EPAs appear beneficial, promising to enhance trade between Africa and the EU. However, in practice, EU states maximise their advantages while offering minimal benefits to African countries. The EU has two main priorities: first, ensuring a steady flow of raw materials from Africa; and second, enforcing stringent standards on these exports. While these priorities may not be explicitly stated in agreements, they are evident in practice. I do not entirely blame the EU—it is natural for states to negotiate in their own interests. However, many African governments, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, fail to do the same. This imbalance makes EPAs seem benign at first glance but problematic upon deeper examination.

Take Nigeria, for example. Two major obstacles hinder its success in trade agreements. First, the country does not deploy the right expertise. When selecting trade delegates, the focus is often on political or ethnic considerations rather than expertise in international trade law. Second, Nigeria lacks the capacity to compete effectively in global markets. We must empower our industries to go beyond raw materials and move up the value chain. This requires targeted policies, investments in education, and reforms to ensure that international trade law is a fundamental part of legal education. European countries have long positioned themselves for global trade through structured education and policy alignment—Africa must do the same.

Another critical issue is Nigeria’s outdated Customs and Excise Act. This colonial-era legislation is one of the most obstructive laws in our statute books. It was created under the assumption that public officers would adhere strictly to regulations, but today, corruption undermines its effectiveness. Customs, immigration, and other trade-related agencies must undergo a comprehensive reform to align with modern economic realities.

If these foundational issues are addressed, Nigeria and the broader West African region could unlock significant trade potential. Currently, Nigeria captures less than 10% of its possible trade benefits within West Africa alone. In the long run, once African nations develop their capacity, the EU will be compelled to renegotiate EPAs on a more equal footing. This will reveal the true nature of these agreements—structured primarily for European gains rather than Africa’s prosperity.

While the EU advocates for human rights and democracy in Africa, critics argue that its policies often carry neocolonial undertones. How can African nations ensure equitable partnerships while safeguarding their sovereignty and policy independence?

Your premise is entirely accurate. However, African nations must also acknowledge their role in perpetuating these imbalances. The EU’s influence can only succeed to the extent that Africa allows it. To resist unfair policies, Africa must project strength—a continent defined by innovation, education, and competent governance, rather than one weighed down by corruption and instability.

How can Africa secure equitable partnerships while continuing with outdated governance models? Nigeria, for example, must address illiteracy, governance failures, and policy inconsistencies. Leadership should prioritise development over ethnic or religious biases. There is a stark difference between genuine faith and religious extremism that hinders progress. The same governors who halt education for religious observances are often those who embezzle funds meant for improving schools.

During President Goodluck Jonathan’s administration, certain governors acted in ways that compromised national stability, and the United States engaged with them diplomatically. Had Nigerian leadership been stronger and more unified, external interference would have been less effective.

To negotiate effectively with the EU or any global power, Africa must first address its internal challenges. A united, educated, and economically empowered Africa will command respect in international negotiations, ensuring that partnerships are built on fairness rather than dependency.

Migration Policies Between Africa and the EU

Migration policies between Africa and the European Union (EU) remain contentious. While Europe continues to tighten its borders, Africa grapples with the challenges of brain drain. How can legal frameworks be strengthened to address these migration challenges in a way that benefits both regions?

The core issue is not merely legal but strategic. African states must insist on fair treatment of their citizens and apply the principle of reciprocity in migration negotiations. Notably, former Nigerian Head of State, Olusegun Obasanjo, implemented policies that bolstered national pride and reinforced the country’s international standing. Similarly, while African migrants face strict entry barriers in the EU, European companies operate freely across Africa. By leveraging their economic significance, African nations can advocate for better treatment of their citizens at EU borders and within its member states.

However, it is ultimately a sovereign right of any country to regulate entry. Over time, restrictive EU policies may prove counterproductive. If African nations implement sustained good governance reforms over a decade, improving economic conditions and creating opportunities at home, migration patterns could shift. In such a scenario, fewer Africans would feel compelled to seek opportunities abroad under difficult conditions.

Africa and the United States

The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) has shaped US-Africa trade relations but is set to expire in 2025. What legal and economic strategies should African nations adopt to reduce reliance on AGOA and establish sustainable trade with the US?

The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) has been a cornerstone of US-Africa trade relations, but with its scheduled expiration in 2025, African nations must develop sustainable trade strategies beyond AGOA.

To achieve this, African states should:

1. Enhance Value Addition – Raw materials should only be exported after reaching at least a median stage in the value chain to maximise economic benefits.
2. Avoid Internal Sabotage – Africa’s biggest challenge often comes from within. Countries like Nigeria must take a leadership role in fostering continental trade rather than inadvertently undermining it.
3. Recognise the Political Nature of Trade – While trade and politics are often presented as separate, Western powers, including the US, use political leverage to shape economic realities in Africa. African nations must push back against economic and political blackmail that stifles local industries.

Furthermore, diplomatic appointments play a crucial role in trade strategy. African trade attachés in key global markets, such as New York, must be selected based on expertise rather than political patronage. These representatives should possess deep knowledge of international trade and economic intelligence, ensuring they contribute meaningfully to trade negotiations and policy decisions. Currently, the selection and training processes for such officials remain weak, raising concerns about their effectiveness.

US Sanctions on Africa: Effectiveness and Impact

The US frequently imposes sanctions on African nations over alleged human rights violations and governance failures. Are these sanctions effective in promoting accountability, or do they erode African sovereignty and economic stability?

The United States frequently imposes sanctions on African nations for alleged human rights violations and governance failures. However, the effectiveness of these sanctions in promoting accountability remains debatable.

Recent revelations have highlighted inconsistencies in US foreign policy towards Africa. The imposition of sanctions, while advocating for democracy, appears contradictory when juxtaposed with instances where Western powers influence electoral outcomes. For example, recently declassified documents have raised questions about external involvement in Nigeria’s 2023 elections.

Ultimately, governance reforms must originate from within Africa. Citizens must demand accountability and reject leaders who rise to power through ethnic or political manipulation rather than merit. A governance culture rooted in transparency and competence is essential for Africa’s long-term stability and development.

Navigating Global Power Struggles: Africa, the US, and China

As China’s influence in Africa grows, the US has sought to counterbalance it through initiatives like Prosper Africa. How can African nations navigate these competing global interests while safeguarding their strategic priorities?

Africa’s geopolitical significance stems from three main factors:

1. Abundant Natural Resources – Africa remains a key supplier of minerals essential for global industries.
2. Labour Market – The continent offers a vast workforce, often at lower costs.
3. Governance Deficiencies – Weak institutions make it easier for external actors to exert influence.

To shift from being a geopolitical battleground to an economic powerhouse, African nations must prioritise:

• Infrastructure Development – Investments in energy and transportation will drive industrialisation.
• Workforce Protection – Policies must safeguard African workers in foreign-owned enterprises.
• Strategic Diplomacy – African leaders must negotiate from a position of strength, ensuring mutually beneficial partnerships rather than dependency.

With a decade of sustained reforms, Africa could reposition itself as a global player rather than a passive recipient of foreign influence.

Strengthening Democracy in Africa: Legal and Structural Reforms

Despite the existence of legal frameworks supporting democracy, challenges such as electoral fraud, judicial interference, and prolonged presidential terms persist across Africa. What structural reforms are necessary to reinforce democratic governance?

Judicial reform remains a critical issue. Professor Chidi Odinkalu, a prominent advocate for legal reforms in Nigeria and across Africa, has repeatedly highlighted the need for judicial independence. His advocacy has made him both a respected voice and a controversial figure among judicial elites.

Electoral fraud in Nigeria, for instance, has evolved over time, becoming more sophisticated with each election cycle. The real turning point will come when an African head of state demonstrates a genuine commitment to electoral integrity—even at the cost of personal political loss. Leadership by example will set the precedent for credible elections.

Additionally, Africa must develop a governance model tailored to its unique socio-political realities. The American presidential system, which grants extensive executive powers, may not be entirely suitable for African nations with weaker institutional checks. A hybrid model, blending elements of the US and UK systems while incorporating African cultural governance structures, could be more effective.

Ultimately, strengthening democracy in Africa requires more than just legal reforms—it demands a fundamental shift in leadership culture and political accountability.

Strengthening Africa’s Human Rights Framework

The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights has been criticised for its weak enforcement mechanisms. What legal reforms could enhance Africa’s human rights framework and ensure effective enforcement?

Certain provisions in the Charter are ambiguously worded, allowing for divergent interpretations. Nevertheless, despite these challenges, the African Court has managed to develop some jurisprudence based on the Charter.

To improve enforcement, the Charter could be amended, or an entirely new treaty could be negotiated. However, a major concern is that a new treaty may not garner the same level of support as the existing one, despite its implementation challenges. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides provisions that address situations where some signatories of an existing treaty refuse to accept a new one or certain provisions of it. Articles 39, 40, and 41 of the Vienna Convention specifically outline the procedures for treaty modifications and adaptations.

Safeguarding Judicial Independence in Africa

Judicial independence remains a critical challenge in many African democracies, with allegations of executive interference in court rulings. What legal safeguards can be implemented to uphold judicial integrity and the rule of law?

A key reform would be to remove the Chief Judge from heading both the judicial disciplinary body and the judicial appointment committee. Additionally, executive influence over judicial appointments should be eliminated. The trend of appointing judges based on political affiliations—such as the selection of spouses of politicians—should be replaced with a more transparent, merit-based system.

The Bar should play a more significant role in the selection process, as legal practitioners have a deeper understanding of who is both competent and ethical. Only individuals with sound legal and ethical standards can make fair and impartial judges.

However, the Bar itself faces challenges. While the judiciary is perceived as being largely under executive control, the Bar has, in some cases, become a tool for political interests. There is a growing culture of silence, with reports of senior judges subtly warning lawyers that their prospects for attaining the rank of Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN) could be jeopardised if they openly criticise the judiciary. The Body of Senior Advocates of Nigeria (BOSAN) now appears to be an institution reluctant to challenge judicial misconduct. To address this, a more rigorous disciplinary mechanism should be established to hold both judges and lawyers accountable.

Africa’s Engagement with the ICC and the Case for Regional Accountability

International courts, particularly the International Criminal Court (ICC), have faced accusations of disproportionately targeting African leaders. Should Africa develop its own regional accountability mechanisms, or is continued engagement with the ICC—under reformed conditions—a better path forward?

As part of the global legal system, Africa cannot afford to completely disengage from the ICC. The ICC cannot realistically prosecute every violation of international humanitarian law, the laws of war, or human rights abuses during conflicts. Thus, establishing a regional tribunal to address egregious human rights violations, particularly during armed conflicts, would be a logical step.

However, the ICC remains necessary. In many cases, African leaders accused of serious crimes are beyond the reach of national or regional judicial mechanisms, making ICC intervention essential. While Europe has largely moved beyond internal conflicts akin to Africa’s, historical factors such as colonial-era partitions continue to fuel tensions across the continent.

The ICC itself requires reforms. Over the past decade, concerns have emerged regarding the influence of religious and ideological biases within the court, including allegations of anti-Semitism. Such factors could undermine the ICC’s mission more than the perception that it disproportionately targets African leaders. A reformed ICC, coupled with a robust African regional accountability mechanism, could provide a balanced approach to addressing human rights violations on the continent.

A seasoned legal professional with over three decades of distinguished practice, Emeka U. Opara is an accomplished advocate, legal strategist, and policy expert with a strong track record in public international law, human rights, and institutional legal frameworks. With an unwavering commitment to justice and an exceptional ability to articulate compelling legal arguments, he has consistently delivered groundbreaking legal solutions both in private practice and public service.

Emeka U. Opara  is widely recognised for his meticulous legal drafting, courtroom advocacy, and innovative approach to dispute resolution. His tenure as Senior Special Assistant (Legal Matters) to the Governor of Imo State saw him spearheading executive bills and key policy initiatives. As Principal Attorney at The City of Law, he has handled complex litigation, high-profile negotiations, and corporate advisory services with a commitment to ethical and impactful legal practice.

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Since taking office, President Rajoelina has led transformative economic and social reforms, revitalising infrastructure, expanding access to education and healthcare, and enhancing Madagascar’s global influence.

At the awards ceremony in Casablanca, Morocco, he delivered a compelling keynote address, urging African nations to embrace inclusive leadership and interconnected development strategies. He emphasised that Africa’s progress hinges on:

• Strengthening regional trade and cooperation to drive economic growth
• Modernising infrastructure to enhance connectivity and productivity
• Managing resources sustainably for long-term prosperity
• Empowering youth and women as drivers of sustainable progress

Key Achievements of His Administration

• Economic Diversification: Strategic investments in agriculture, renewable energy, and tourism have strengthened Madagascar’s economic foundation.
• Infrastructure Development: Modernising transport and energy networks has significantly boosted economic efficiency.
• Education and Healthcare Expansion: Increased funding has improved access and quality nationwide.
• Environmental Sustainability: Madagascar has emerged as a global leader in biodiversity conservation and climate advocacy.

Beyond national achievements, President Rajoelina actively champions Africa’s collective prosperity. His engagement in the African Union, multilateral summits, and global partnerships reflects his commitment to advancing the continent’s strategic interests.

Other Notable Honourees at POTY 2025:

• H.E. Sen. Douye Diri, Governor of Bayelsa State, Nigeria – African Outstanding Good Governance Champion Award
• Rt. Hon. Robinah Nabbanja, Prime Minister of Uganda – African Female Leader of the Year
• H.E. Diamantino Azevedo, Minister of Mineral Resources, Petroleum, and Gas, Angola – African Government Minister of the Year
• Dr. Jane Ruth Aceng Ocero, Minister for Health, Uganda – African Public Health Leader of the Year
• Mr. Olusegun Alebiosu, Managing Director/CEO, First Bank of Nigeria Limited – African Banking Leadership & Excellence Award
• Dr. Seinye O.B. Lulu-Briggs, Executive Chairman, Moni Pulo Limited, Nigeria—African Philanthropist of the Year
• Mr. Israel Degfa, President, Kerchanshe Trading Plc, Ethiopia—Special African Business Leadership Commendation Award

President Rajoelina’s POTY 2025 recognition underscores his bold leadership and transformative policies, reinforcing his role as a catalyst for Africa’s progress. While the continent navigates future challenges and opportunities, leaders like H.E. Andry Rajoelina exemplify resilience, innovation, and a steadfast commitment to sustainable development.

The African Leadership Magazine remains dedicated to celebrating individuals reshaping Africa’s destiny. President Rajoelina’s award reaffirms his role as a beacon of progress and an inspiration for the next generation of African leaders.

African Leadership Magazine, with its international headquarters in London and offices across Africa, is a leading publication committed to shining a light on the achievements of Africa’s most exceptional leaders and organisations. The magazine takes pride in telling the African story from an authentic African perspective, celebrating success in governance, economic progress, social development, and innovation.

With a vision to inspire transformative leadership across the continent, it features thought-provoking commentary and in-depth analysis that emphasise progress, innovation, and inclusion. By fostering dialogue around key issues and celebrating the continent’s trailblazers, African Leadership Magazine serves as both a platform and catalyst for reshaping Africa’s narrative on the global stage.

For more information, contact

The Group Editor,

King Richard Igimoh

king.richards@africanleadership.co.uk

editor@africanleadership.co.uk

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Environmental modelling provides predictive insights, helping policymakers anticipate future risks and plan accordingly. Ecology, the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment, reveals the underlying mechanisms that sustain ecosystem services. Economic policy acts as the bridge, ensuring that sustainable practices are incentivized while destructive ones are discouraged.

By weaving these three disciplines together, we can develop sustainable strategies that balance conservation with development. But how exactly do these elements function together? Let’s explore the essential triad that underpins ecosystem service management.

Understanding Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem services refer to the benefits humans derive from nature, and they are classified into four main categories:

1. Provisioning Services: Products obtained from ecosystems, such as food, water, timber, and medicinal resources.
2. Regulating Services: Benefits from ecosystem processes, including climate regulation, flood control, and disease regulation.
3. Cultural Services: Non-material benefits like recreation, spiritual enrichment, and cultural heritage.
4. Supporting Services: Fundamental ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling, soil formation, and primary production.

However, the degradation of these services is alarming. According to global studies, over two-thirds of ecosystem services are in decline due to overexploitation, habitat destruction, and climate change. A stark example is clean drinking water—over two billion people worldwide face shortages, and without intervention, this number could double in the coming decades.

Protecting these services requires forward-thinking solutions, integrating environmental science, technology, and economic frameworks.

Environmental Modelling: Predicting and Planning for the Future

Environmental modelling is a powerful tool that helps scientists and policymakers understand and predict ecosystem changes under different scenarios. By simulating climate variations, land-use changes, and human activities, these models inform proactive decision-making.

Types of Environmental Models:

• Climate Models: Predict weather patterns and climate shifts, helping policymakers prepare for extreme conditions.
• Hydrological Simulations: Analyze water flow, aiding in watershed management and flood control.
• Biodiversity Forecasting: Maps species distribution and predicts habitat loss, guiding conservation efforts.

A notable success story comes from New York City, where environmental modelling influenced a groundbreaking decision: instead of constructing an expensive water filtration plant, planners opted to protect the Catskill Watershed. By maintaining natural water purification processes, they ensured clean drinking water for millions while saving billions of dollars.

Without these predictive tools, long-term sustainability would remain a guessing game, leaving ecosystems and human populations vulnerable to crises.

Ecology: The Science of Interconnectedness

At the core of ecosystem service management lies ecology, which helps us understand how organisms interact with their environment. These interactions are crucial for maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and natural resource availability.

Key Ecological Concepts in Ecosystem Management

• Ecological Thresholds & Tipping Points: Identifying limits beyond which ecosystems collapse.
• Biodiversity and Resilience: Higher biodiversity equates to greater ecosystem resilience.
• Ecosystem Restoration: Rebuilding degraded environments through conservation strategies.

A crucial example is pollination in agriculture. Over 75% of global food crops depend on pollinators like bees, butterflies, and birds. However, habitat destruction and pesticide use are causing drastic declines in pollinator populations, threatening food security. Similarly, wetlands—often seen as wastelands—play a vital role in water purification and flood control. Ignoring such ecological functions leads to unintended consequences, from reduced agricultural yields to increased disaster vulnerability.

By integrating ecological insights into policy, we can design interventions that sustain both biodiversity and human livelihoods.

Economic Policy: Aligning Incentives with Sustainability

Economic policies serve as the bridge between scientific knowledge and practical action. By recognizing the economic value of ecosystem services, governments and businesses can implement strategies that promote sustainability while discouraging environmentally harmful practices.

Effective Economic Tools:

• Carbon Pricing: Charges businesses for carbon emissions, encouraging low-carbon alternatives.
• Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES): Rewards landowners for conservation efforts (e.g., maintaining forests, wetlands).
• Subsidies for Sustainable Agriculture: Incentivizes farming practices that protect soil health and biodiversity.

A compelling example is Switzerland’s PES scheme. Forests near Basel play a crucial role in purifying drinking water. Instead of building expensive water treatment plants, local residents contribute a small surcharge on their water bills, funding sustainable forest management. This approach balances economic development with environmental preservation, proving that conservation can be both profitable and practical.

When ecosystem services are woven into economic policy, environmental protection becomes an investment rather than a cost.

Dr. Joshua Rufus Abadi is a renowned environmental engineer specializing in water contamination. He has provided consultancy on oil spills in Nigeria and has spearheaded the EU WasClean project. Additionally, he collaborates with the University of Southampton and the University of Brighton, and leads environmental initiatives for Inspired Grace Healthcare.

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The continent’s real GDP growth was expected to reach 3.8% in 2024 and 4.2% in 2025, outpacing the global averages of 2.9% and 3.2%. This sustained growth highlights Africa’s resilience, even amid global economic uncertainties. However, while these numbers are promising, they mask underlying structural challenges that prevent the continent from realising its full economic potential.

READ ALSO: Africa’s Role in the Global Gig Economy

Growth remains uneven, with many economies still reliant on commodity exports, making them vulnerable to price fluctuations. The key challenge is transitioning from raw material dependence to value-added industries that create jobs, drive innovation, and ensure long-term prosperity.

Infrastructure: The Backbone of Economic Transformation

A major obstacle to Africa’s economic acceleration is inadequate infrastructure. The African Union (AU) estimates that the continent requires between 60,000 km and 100,000 km of new roads by 2030 to enhance intracontinental connectivity. Currently, poor infrastructure reduces national economic growth by an estimated 2% annually in many African countries and cuts industrial productivity by as much as 40%. The high cost of transportation—50% to 175% higher than in other parts of the world—significantly undermines competitiveness and trade efficiency.

To address this, Africa has embarked on large-scale infrastructure projects under the second phase of the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA-PAP 2), which allocates $160 billion for 69 priority projects over the next decade. The first phase (PIDA-PAP 1) recorded notable successes, with 16,066 km of roads, 4,077 km of railways, and 3,506 km of power transmission lines constructed. Additionally, digital infrastructure improved significantly, with internet capacity reaching 9 terabits and 17 African nations becoming digitally interconnected. Despite these gains, nearly half of the projects under PIDA-PAP 1 failed to reach the construction stage, primarily due to financing constraints.

The AU and AfDB are pushing for innovative financing models, including increased public-private partnerships, to accelerate implementation. The African Single Electricity Market (AfSEM) is also being developed to integrate electricity markets across the continent, aiming to lower energy costs and boost industrialisation.

Governance and Regional Integration

Governance plays a crucial role in Africa’s economic trajectory. While many African nations have made strides in strengthening institutions, political instability and policy inconsistencies continue to deter investment. Unpredictable regulatory environments and frequent shifts in policy frameworks make it difficult for businesses to commit to long-term projects.

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is a monumental effort to unify Africa’s fragmented markets, creating a single trade bloc with a combined GDP of over $3.4 trillion. If fully implemented, AfCFTA could boost intra-African trade by 52% by 2025, creating jobs and reducing dependency on external markets. However, logistical and regulatory challenges remain. Customs inefficiencies, conflicting trade policies, and infrastructural deficits make it easier for African countries to trade with Europe or Asia than with one another.

For AfCFTA to fulfil its potential, African governments must streamline trade policies, improve customs procedures, and invest in transport corridors that facilitate seamless trade flows. The AU, in collaboration with the African Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD) and development finance institutions, is working to accelerate regulatory harmonisation and improve investment conditions.

Energy and Digital Transformation

Energy access remains a critical issue for Africa’s industrialisation. AfSEM is a transformative initiative aimed at harmonising energy policies and establishing a unified electricity market across the continent. This is crucial, as many African nations still experience frequent power shortages, which stifle business growth and deter foreign investment. Its complementary initiative, the Continental Power Systems Masterplan (CMP), seeks to mobilise resources for large-scale power plants and interconnectors, ensuring a stable and affordable energy supply.

Beyond traditional infrastructure, Africa’s digital transformation is accelerating. With internet penetration increasing and mobile technology adoption rising, digital innovation is opening new frontiers for economic growth. However, the continent still faces a significant digital divide. Rural areas remain largely disconnected, and the high cost of data services limits access to digital tools and online markets. Expanding digital infrastructure and reducing data costs will be crucial in ensuring Africa fully benefits from the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Completing the Puzzle

Africa’s economic transformation is well underway, but the missing piece remains a combination of sustainable financing, infrastructure acceleration, policy consistency, and regional integration. The continent has demonstrated strong growth potential, yet challenges in governance, infrastructure, and intra-African trade continue to limit progress. By strengthening institutions, fostering innovation, and expanding connectivity—both physically and digitally—Africa can position itself as a major global economic powerhouse.

Unlocking Africa’s full potential requires a coordinated approach that integrates economic policies, governance reforms, and strategic investments in infrastructure. If these elements align, Africa will not only sustain its growth momentum but also emerge as a leader in the global economy, proving that the missing piece in its transformation is not just a challenge but an opportunity waiting to be seized.

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Despite these disadvantages, Africa faces a range of contemporary challenges with global implications. Climate change, for instance, presents a significant threat, with rising temperatures, erratic rainfall patterns, and sea-level rise impacting food security, water availability, and displacement. Furthermore, Africa must tackle poverty, inequality, and conflict, while also harnessing its demographic dividend for sustainable development.

READ ALSO: The Influence of African Institutions on Global Governance Structures

However, these challenges present substantial opportunities. Africa’s youthful population, abundant natural resources, and growing economic clout are attracting global attention. The continent is increasingly seen as a market for investment, a source of innovation, and a crucial partner in addressing global challenges. This rising influence provides Africa with a unique opportunity to shape global governance in ways that reflect its own priorities and aspirations.

Africa’s Voice in Global Governance

To effectively participate in global governance, Africa must overcome several challenges:

• Strengthening regional integration: A united Africa, speaking with a single voice, will wield greater leverage in global negotiations.
• Promoting good governance: Democratic governance, respect for human rights, and the rule of law are essential to building trust and attracting investment.
• Investing in human capital: Education, healthcare, and skills development are crucial to empowering Africa’s people and fostering economic growth.
• Harnessing technology: Embracing technology is key to enhancing Africa’s connectivity, competitiveness, and resilience.

Key Areas of African Engagement in Global Governance

Africa is increasingly active in addressing a variety of global issues, including:

Climate Change

• Vulnerability and Leadership: Africa is one of the regions most vulnerable to climate change, facing severe droughts, floods, rising sea levels, and desertification. This vulnerability has propelled African nations to become vocal leaders in global climate action.
• Advocacy for Ambitious Action: African countries consistently advocate for ambitious emission reduction targets from developed nations, recognising their historical responsibility for the current climate crisis.
• Demand for Climate Finance: African nations emphasise the need for increased financial support from developed countries to help them adapt to climate change and transition to low-carbon economies, including funding for renewable energy projects, climate-resilient infrastructure, and disaster risk reduction.
• Focus on Adaptation: Given the severe impacts already felt in Africa, the focus is on adaptation measures such as drought-resistant crops, improved water management, and early warning systems for extreme weather events.

Peace and Security

• Regional Leadership: The African Union (AU) plays a significant role in conflict prevention and resolution, deploying peacekeeping forces to hotspots across the continent.
• Focus on African Solutions: The AU champions African-led solutions to African problems, promoting dialogue, mediation, and political processes to resolve conflicts peacefully.
• Combating Terrorism: Africa is actively involved in the global fight against terrorism, with regional initiatives aimed at disrupting terrorist networks and preventing extremism.
• Emerging Security Threats: The AU is addressing new security challenges, such as cybercrime, maritime piracy, and the illicit trafficking of arms and natural resources.

Health

• Combating Infectious Diseases: Africa has been at the forefront of the global fight against infectious diseases like
HIV/AIDS, malaria, and Ebola.
• Strengthening Health Systems: African countries are investing in robust health systems to improve access to quality healthcare.
• Universal Health Coverage (UHC): Achieving UHC is a priority for many African countries, ensuring access to essential health services without financial hardship.
• Non-communicable Diseases: The continent is grappling with the growing burden of diseases like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, and is integrating prevention and treatment into national health plans.

Trade and Investment

• Promoting Intra-African Trade: The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is a landmark initiative aimed at boosting intra-African trade and creating a single market for goods and services. This has the potential to enhance Africa’s economic integration and competitiveness.
• Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): African countries are actively seeking FDI to stimulate growth, create jobs, and diversify their economies.
• Negotiating Trade Agreements: African nations are increasingly involved in negotiating trade agreements with other regions and blocs, aiming to secure market access for exports and attract investment.
• Advocating for Fair Trade: Africa advocates for a more equitable international trading system, calling for the removal of trade barriers and the reduction of trade distortions.

The Future of Africa in Global Governance

The future of Africa in global governance looks promising, but it requires sustained effort and strategic engagement. Africa must continue to build its internal capacity, strengthen alliances with like-minded partners, and assert its interests on the global stage. By embracing its potential and overcoming its challenges, Africa can play a pivotal role in shaping a just, equitable, and sustainable world order.

Promising Factors

• Growing Economic and Political Influence: Africa’s expanding population and economies are increasing its global influence. This growing economic power translates into greater political leverage on the international stage.
• Technological Advancements: Increased access to technology, such as mobile phones and the internet, is empowering African citizens and fostering innovation. This can enhance Africa’s participation in global governance by facilitating communication, information sharing, and citizen engagement.
• Youthful Population: Africa’s young and dynamic population represents a significant demographic dividend. This group can drive economic growth, innovation, and social change, contributing to Africa’s rising global influence.
• Regional Integration: Progress in initiatives like the AfCFTA can strengthen Africa’s collective voice and bargaining power in global negotiations.

Africa’s role in global governance is evolving rapidly. Once marginalised, the continent is now emerging as a crucial player in addressing global challenges and shaping the future world order. By strengthening its internal capacity, embracing its potential, and advocating for its interests, Africa can make significant contributions to a more equitable and inclusive global system. The future of global governance depends on the active participation of all stakeholders, including a rising and increasingly influential Africa.

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Key figures such as UN Secretary-General António Guterres and South African President Cyril Ramaphosa have emphasised the need for UNSC reform, advocating for Africa to have a meaningful seat at the table. This movement is gaining momentum amidst shifting global geopolitics and growing concerns over equity in international decision-making.

Historical Context of the UNSC

The UNSC was established in 1945, following the Second World War, to maintain international peace and security. Its original design included five permanent members—the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, China, and France—each holding veto power. Over time, the Council expanded to include 15 members, with 10 elected for two-year, non-permanent terms. Despite Africa’s significant role in global peacekeeping efforts and facing numerous security challenges, it has been largely marginalised in the Council’s decision-making processes.

Africa’s Role in Global Peace

Africa has been a key player in global peacekeeping. Nearly half of all UN peacekeeping operations occur on African soil, and approximately 40% of peacekeeping forces are provided by African nations. Yet, despite its contributions, Africa’s influence in shaping global security policies remains limited, due to the absence of a permanent seat on the UNSC.

The African Union (AU) has long championed the need for two permanent African seats on the Council, along with increased non-permanent representation. This proposal is part of the Ezulwini Consensus, which calls for reforms to reflect the geopolitical realities of the 21st century.

International Support for Africa’s Inclusion

The push for UNSC reform, particularly regarding Africa’s inclusion, has gained global traction. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has pointed out the historical injustices faced by Africa under the current UNSC structure. In his address at the 79th General Assembly, Guterres argued that Africa’s exclusion undermines the legitimacy and effectiveness of the Council, calling for a permanent seat for the continent.

Similarly, U.S. President Joe Biden has voiced support for expanding the Council to include African nations. U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Linda Thomas-Greenfield, affirmed Washington’s backing for two permanent African seats, reflecting a growing recognition of the need for more inclusive global governance. However, the U.S. has opposed extending veto power to new permanent members, raising concerns about the scope of these proposed reforms.

Continued African Advocacy

African leaders have remained vocal in their demand for UNSC reform. At the same General Assembly session, President Cyril Ramaphosa and other African representatives reiterated calls for structural changes at the UN. They stressed that global peace and security cannot be fully realised without Africa’s voice being represented on equal footing with other global powers. The current composition of the Council, they argued, no longer reflects the geopolitical realities of today.

The Strategic Importance of Africa’s Inclusion

The push for Africa’s inclusion on the UNSC is not merely a matter of fairness, but of strategic necessity. As global challenges become increasingly complex, Africa’s unique experiences and insights are crucial for crafting comprehensive solutions. Addressing the continent’s under-representation is essential to the Council’s mission of maintaining international peace and security.

While there is broad consensus that the UNSC must evolve to reflect current global dynamics, the path to reform is fraught with complexities. Disagreements persist regarding the extent of the changes, with some nations hesitant to extend full powers—such as the veto—to new permanent members. Nevertheless, Africa’s demand for permanent representation is gaining momentum, bolstered by support from both regional and international actors.

The campaign for permanent African representation on the UNSC remains a central issue in debates over global governance reform. With prominent leaders like António Guterres and Joe Biden expressing support, and given Africa’s immense contributions to global peacekeeping, a more inclusive and equitable Security Council is long overdue. As Africa’s role in global affairs continues to grow, its representation in the institutions that shape international policies must also expand.

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According to the African Development Bank, if global warming continues unchecked, Africa could see temperature increases of up to 4°C by the end of the century. This poses a serious risk to African countries, many of which rely heavily on agriculture and natural resources. The resulting changes threaten food security, economic stability, and the livelihoods of millions across the continent.

In response to the climate crisis, the African Union (AU) has taken decisive action by fostering a unified approach to tackling climate change through various strategic frameworks and initiatives. One such initiative is the African Adaptation Initiative (AAI), launched in 2015 to mobilise resources, foster collaboration, and support countries in developing and implementing robust adaptation plans.

In 2014, the AU also introduced the Africa Climate Change Strategy, which provides a comprehensive framework for addressing climate change across the continent. The strategy emphasises the need for African nations to integrate climate change considerations into their national development plans, promote sustainable development practices, and strengthen institutional capacities.

Regional communities have also played a crucial role in addressing climate issues within their areas. For instance, in West Africa, the West African Regional Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction was established to enhance regional cooperation in managing climate-related risks. Similarly, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) developed the SADC Regional Adaptation Strategy to address climate change impacts on agriculture, water resources, and energy.

African nations have further partnered with international organisations to combat the effects of climate change. The AU and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were instrumental in shaping the Paris Agreement, which sets the global benchmark for actions to combat climate change and supports developing countries in their climate efforts.

In addition to policy initiatives, Africa has embraced innovative technologies to combat climate change. The continent is increasingly adopting renewable energy sources, such as solar and hydropower. In Kenya, mobile applications and satellite technology are being utilised to provide weather updates and improve agricultural practices. Meanwhile, in South Africa, climate-resilient crop varieties are being developed to help farmers adapt to changing weather conditions and secure food supplies.

Some African countries are also leveraging indigenous knowledge and traditional practices to enhance their climate resilience. In Ethiopia, for example, farmers are using traditional water harvesting techniques and indigenous crop varieties to cope with changing rainfall patterns. The Maasai people of Kenya practise rotational grazing to maintain soil health and biodiversity.

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Despite these efforts, Africa still faces significant challenges in its fight against climate change. Limited financial resources, inadequate infrastructure, and political instability hinder the implementation of climate strategies. Additionally, there is a pressing need for greater investment in green technologies and sustainable development initiatives.

Nevertheless, Africa’s commitment to addressing climate change reflects the continent’s resilience and ingenuity in the face of adversity. Collective strategies, regional cooperation, and a blend of traditional knowledge with modern technology will be essential in addressing the immediate impacts of climate change and paving the way for a sustainable future.

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Think tanks, policy research institutes, and advocacy groups are driven by the need for localized knowledge and context-specific solutions. They leverage indigenous knowledge, cultural insights, and regional expertise to address key issues affecting the continent. Prominent examples include the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), and the African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), all of which have gained recognition over the years for their role in regional policy analysis and formulation.

The importance of think tanks cannot be overstated. They conduct in-depth research on pressing issues that affect the continent, providing analysis that informs policy formulation. These institutions are also pivotal in advocating for policy reforms and raising awareness of critical issues. They help shape public opinion and mobilise support for policy changes.

Moreover, think tanks are influential in building the capacity of local institutions and individuals. They initiate training programmes and workshops that enhance the skills of policymakers, researchers, and civil society organisations. This capacity building strengthens governance and policy implementation at both national and regional levels. Their expertise contributes to crafting policies that are both innovative and feasible.

Over the years, African think tanks have significantly influenced regional policy formulation, shaping the agendas and strategies of bodies and organisations to ensure that regional policies address the continent’s most pressing issues. Regional bodies such as the African Union (AU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) rely on research findings and analysis from think tanks to improve policy formulation and implementation.

African think tanks are also crucial in advancing regional integration efforts. They analyse and recommend pathways to benefit regional economic communities, helping to foster collaboration among member states. Cross-border issues such as climate change, security threats, and health crises, which transcend national borders, are better addressed through the research and policy recommendations provided by think tanks.

Furthermore, African think tanks have been influential in promoting and advocating for transparency, accountability, and good governance. They monitor the formulation and implementation of policies and hold governments accountable, contributing to the enhancement of democratic processes and the improvement of governance structures across the continent.

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The journey of African think tanks has not been without challenges. Limited funding often hampers their ability to conduct comprehensive research and outreach activities. In some countries, think tanks face resistance from political and institutional actors who may be wary of their findings or recommendations. Additionally, there is a need for greater capacity building within think tanks themselves, as they must continuously update their skills to keep pace with evolving issues and methodologies.

Despite these challenges, African think tanks play a crucial role in harnessing local knowledge, fostering collaboration, and advocating for evidence-based policies to shape Africa’s future. It is vital to integrate think tanks into the continent’s development plans to craft policies that address both immediate concerns and long-term goals. As Africa continues to evolve and adapt, the role of think tanks in shaping its future will remain both critical and transformative.

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The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), now transitioning to the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS), serves as a hallmark of the successful collaboration between the African Union and international partners. Deployed in 2007, AMISOM has played a crucial role in restoring stability to Somalia, which had been plagued by anarchy for 16 years. Notably, the mission has successfully driven out terrorist groups from key regions and reestablished governance in the country. The mission’s achievements are a testament to the effectiveness of African-led peacekeeping initiatives and their capacity to deliver tangible results.

The AU and AFRICOM have also supported the G5 Sahel Joint Force, a regional security initiative comprising Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger. This force addresses terrorism, cross-border crime, and human trafficking in the Sahel region. AFRICOM has provided training, equipment, and intelligence support to enhance the operational effectiveness of this force.

The financial underpinning of these missions relies heavily on significant international support. Major large-scale operations like ATMIS receive substantial funding from major donors, including the United Nations and the European Union. The African Union’s Peace Fund, which aims to raise $400 million, has thus far secured over half of this target, a significant step towards reaching its goal.

The Command’s involvement in Africa is multifaceted, encompassing a range of programmes designed to enhance the capacity of African armed forces. The Africa Contingency Operations Training and Assistance (ACOTA) programme, led by the US Department of State and supported by AFRICOM, provides critical training and equipment to improve the capabilities of the military.

AFRICOM’s security cooperation programmes focus on developing operational and institutional capacities, enhancing regional integration, and improving maritime security. These initiatives aim to strengthen regional stability and promote peace and security across the continent. By investing in the development of African militaries, AFRICOM aims to build a professional and disciplined military force in African nations.

Despite the progress made, African-led peacekeeping missions continue to encounter significant challenges. Financial constraints remain a major obstacle, as the African Union’s Peace Fund falls short of its financial targets. Furthermore, sustaining high standards of professionalism and addressing issues such as corruption and human rights abuses within deployed forces are ongoing concerns.

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Notwithstanding these challenges, the collaborative efforts between the African Union and AFRICOM demonstrate the potential for effective regional and international partnerships to advance peace and security in Africa. To overcome the challenges, innovation and increased international support will be essential. This collaborative endeavour, characterised by resilience and adaptability, highlights the significance of sustained international support and regional commitment to peacekeeping in Africa.

The AU and AFRICOM’s collaborative endeavours are crucial for achieving sustainable stability in Africa. By highlighting their accomplishments and acknowledging the obstacles, it becomes clear that the AU and AFRICOM’s joint peacekeeping efforts are vital for developing effective and long-term solutions to Africa’s complex security challenges.

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The African Union was birthed in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, following a decision in September 1999 by its predecessor, the OAU, to create a new continental organisation towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa’s growth and economic development. The African Union was established with the core values of “An Integrated, Prosperous, and Peaceful Africa, driven by its citizens and representing a dynamic force in the global arena.”.

To perform the responsibilities of the AU, member states, which make up the Assembly of Heads of States; the AU’s supreme policy and decision-making organ determine the AU’s policies, establish its priorities, adopt its annual programme, and monitor the implementation of its policies and decisions. The Assembly of Heads of States is responsible for electing the Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson of the AU Commission as well as admittance of new members into the assembly and adopting the budget.

The AU is significant to Pan-Africanism as, through the Assembly of Heads of States, it also takes decisions on important matters, amends and interprets the Constitutive Act of the organization which is adhered to by all members, thereby carving out a path for the continent. This path can be economic, security, organizational, or legislative structures that member states are meant to adopt to foster growth and development within the continent.

The AU has several other organs that enable it to implement its functions; the executive council or the Executive Council of Ministers of the Union; is responsible for foreign trade, energy, industry, and mineral resources; food, agricultural, and animal resources, livestock production forestry; water resources and irrigation; environmental protection, humanitarian action and disaster response and relief; transport and communications, the Permanent Representatives Committee (PRC), Specialised Technical Committees (STCs), the Peace and Security Council and The African Union Commission. This AU structure promotes participation of African citizens and civil society through the Pan-African Parliament and the Economic, Social & Cultural Council (ECOSOCC).

Through these arms and institutions associated with the AU, the organization is equipped to proffer security and economic initiatives across the continent. Initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) are one of the many initiatives explored by the AU to bring about commerce on a continental level. The AfCFTA connects 1.3 billion people across 55 countries with a combined gross domestic product (GDP) valued at US$3.4 trillion and a potential to lift 30 million people out of extreme poverty. The agreement is aimed at reducing trade tariffs among member countries to facilitate trade and services, as well as regulatory measures and standards among member states.

As much as the AU is meant to protect the sovereignty of African States, there have been unconstitutional changes of government in recent years which have brought up a lot of questions about the effectiveness of the African Union. Some observers have also argued that there is a level of disconnect between the AU and its member states civil society stakeholders because of a lack of engagement from the Union. The Union has also bemoaned inadequate funding from member states to meet up to its functions.

The African Union has been influential in the continent in more than one way; from its response to the COVID-19 outbreak to the establishment of organisations and unions that have been influential in addressing issues like; education, hunger, climate change, technology development, and security in the continent. But for the AU to meet its full potential, it is imperative that every member state is cooperative and has faith in the Pan-African dream.

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