The “America First” policy

The America First policy, a cornerstone of Donald Trump’s presidency, aimed to prioritise American interests, security, and prosperity above all else. Rooted in populist and nationalist ideologies, it sought to redefine America’s role in the world.

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At its core, America First emphasised the need to protect American jobs, industries, and borders. The Trump administration implemented various measures to achieve this goal, including:

Trade protectionism: Imposing tariffs on imported goods to shield American industries and promote domestic production.

Immigration reform: Restricting immigration, particularly from certain countries, to protect American jobs and national security.

Border security: Strengthening border controls, including the construction of a wall along the US-Mexico border.

In terms of foreign policy, America First marked a significant shift away from traditional US leadership in global affairs. Key actions included:

Withdrawal from international agreements: The US exited several agreements, including the Paris Climate Accord and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.

Prioritisation of bilateral relations: The administration focused on building relationships with individual countries rather than participating in multilateral forums.

Emphasis on national sovereignty: The US asserted its independence, often at the expense of international cooperation and institutions.

Critics argued that America First led to increased isolationism, undermined global stability, and damaged relationships with long-standing allies. Supporters, however, viewed it as a necessary correction to years of US overextension and a reassertion of American interests.

Impact on African migration

African migrants were significantly affected by Trump’s immigration policies. The administration’s travel ban targeted several African countries, including Somalia, Sudan, and Libya, and was widely criticised for being discriminatory and ineffective.

The visa bond pilot programme, which required applicants from certain African countries to pay a bond of up to $15,000, further restricted access. Though designed to reduce visa overstays, it effectively barred many Africans from visiting the US.

Economic implications

Trump’s immigration policies had substantial economic consequences for Africa. The reduction in refugee admissions and the travel ban affected not only migrants but also broader economies. Many African countries rely heavily on remittances from diaspora communities, and these policies reduced the flow of funds.

Furthermore, the America First policy led to a decline in US investment in Africa. The administration’s focus on domestic economic growth and job creation resulted in a reduction in foreign aid and investment, negatively impacting African economies. The economic impact of Trump’s deportation policies could be felt in several ways:

Remittances: African immigrants in the US send billions of dollars home each year. Deportations could lead to a decline in these funds, a critical source of income for many families.

Foreign investment: A reduction in US investment could create uncertainty in African economies, discouraging business expansion and foreign partnerships.

Trade: African countries could experience a decline in exports to the US as American businesses become more hesitant to engage in trade.

Human capital: Deportations could result in a loss of skilled and educated individuals, affecting sectors reliant on specialised expertise.

Brain drain: Africa already faces a brain drain problem, and deportations could exacerbate the loss of highly skilled professionals.

Loss of tax revenue: Deportees would no longer contribute to tax bases, potentially straining public resources in their home countries.

Disruption of supply chains: Industries that depend on immigrant labour, such as agriculture and construction, could experience labour shortages.

Some African countries likely to feel the economic impact of Trump’s deportation policies include:

Nigeria: One of the largest recipients of remittances from the US, Nigerians in the US sent over $6 billion home in 2020. Deportations could lead to a significant decline in these remittances. Africa Leadership Magazine reported that over 3,000 Nigerians in the US faced deportation under Trump’s crackdown on illegal immigrants.

Ethiopia: A fast-growing economy with a growing diaspora community in the US, Ethiopia could see a disruption in remittance flows and investment, slowing economic growth.

South Africa: With a substantial diaspora community in the US, South Africa risks losing skilled professionals in finance, technology, and healthcare, affecting economic growth and competitiveness.

Social implications

Trump’s immigration policies also had significant social consequences for Africa. The travel ban and visa restrictions led to a decline in cultural exchange programmes and educational opportunities for African students. This not only affected the students but also had a broader impact on African societies, which rely on education and cultural exchange for development.

Moreover, Trump’s policies contributed to an increase in xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentiment in the US, negatively impacting African diaspora communities, who faced rising discrimination and harassment.

Donald Trump’s immigration policies had far-reaching implications for Africa. The America First policy, travel ban, visa restrictions, and reduction in refugee admissions negatively impacted African migrants, economies, and societies.

As the US continues to grapple with immigration policy, it is essential to consider the broader global implications. A more inclusive and equitable approach to immigration is necessary to foster economic growth, cultural exchange, and social justice.

Global policy experts strongly advise the US government to reconsider its immigration approach, prioritising inclusivity and equity. They advocate for an immediate suspension of the travel ban and visa restrictions while calling for an increase in refugee admissions.

By adopting a more inclusive immigration policy, the US can not only promote economic growth and cultural exchange but also strengthen its role in fostering global stability and cooperation.

The post How Trump’s immigration policy will impact Africa appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Despite its abundant agricultural resources, intra-African trade remains disproportionately low compared to other regions. According to the African Union (AU), only about 15% of African trade occurs within the continent, compared to 60% in Europe and 50% in Asia. This disparity is particularly evident in agriculture, where many nations import significant food from outside Africa, despite the continent’s substantial agricultural output.

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Key obstacles include inadequate infrastructure, high transport costs, inefficient customs processes, fragmented regional markets, and inconsistent regulations. Poor access to finance and limited market information exacerbate these issues. To address these challenges, a coordinated roadmap is essential.

1. Key Strategies for Enhancing Transportation Infrastructure
A lack of adequate transport networks is a major impediment to intra-African agricultural trade. Many nations suffer from poor road conditions, underdeveloped rail systems, and limited port capacity. Addressing this requires substantial investment in transport infrastructure. Initiatives such as the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA) have already laid the groundwork for regional connectivity.

Role of AfCFTA in Infrastructure Development

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) offers significant promise. By fostering a unified market for goods and services, it incentivises the development of critical trade-route infrastructure, simplifying and reducing the cost of transporting agricultural goods.

2. Simplifying Customs Procedures and Harmonising Trade Regulations
The absence of standardised customs procedures and trade regulations remains a significant barrier. Complex and inconsistent tariffs, duties, and import policies lead to delays and inefficiencies in cross-border trade.

Key Frameworks for Harmonisation

The AfCFTA and the African Union’s Agenda 2063 emphasise harmonisation, promoting common standards for agricultural products and streamlining customs processes. Simplified customs systems, electronic documentation, and reduced border delays would enhance the free movement of goods, fostering predictable market access for farmers and agribusinesses.

3. Improving Access to Finance and Investment Opportunities
Smallholder farmers often face difficulties accessing financial resources for inputs, infrastructure, or scaling operations. Governments and financial institutions must collaborate to design financial products tailored to farmers’ needs.

Agribusiness Hubs and DFIs

Agribusiness hubs, which integrate finance, training, and market linkages, can address these challenges effectively. Development finance institutions (DFIs) play a pivotal role by providing concessional loans and guarantees, thereby mitigating investment risks. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can attract international investment to strengthen agricultural value chains.

4. Enhancing Market Access Through Information Sharing
Limited market knowledge and inadequate intelligence systems hinder farmers’ ability to access opportunities. Investing in platforms that offer real-time data on demand, pricing, and export opportunities would empower farmers to make informed decisions.

Leveraging Technology for Market Intelligence

Platforms providing data on supply chains, market trends, and trading opportunities can bridge the gap between producers and buyers. These tools ensure efficient trade flows and better alignment with market demand.

5. Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Policy Alignment
Regional cooperation is the cornerstone of effective intra-African trade. Strengthening existing regional economic communities (RECs), including the East African Community (EAC), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and Southern African Development Community (SADC), is essential.

Collaborative Policy Development

Collaborative efforts to align agricultural trade policies, infrastructure development, and regulatory frameworks would significantly enhance trade efficiency. By harmonising standards and pooling resources, RECs can drive progress across the continent.

A Collaborative Path to Sustainable Growth

Africa’s agricultural trade potential will only be realised through coordinated efforts to implement these strategies. Governments, regional organisations, and private stakeholders must focus on practical actions—from building infrastructure to simplifying regulations—to create lasting change. Initiatives like AfCFTA and PIDA are valuable starting points, but sustained commitment and collaboration are crucial.

Africa can transform its agricultural sector into a driver of economic growth, food security, and resilience against global challenges. The time to act is now, ensuring that the continent’s resources and potential are harnessed effectively for the benefit of all.

The post Strategies to Boost Intra-African Agricultural Trade Connectivity appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Over the past decade, trade between the UAE and sub-Saharan Africa has increased by over 30%, while trade between Saudi Arabia and sub-Saharan Africa has grown to twelve times its value from ten years ago. Data from the Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) reveals that in 2022, exports from the six GCC nations to Africa amounted to approximately $169 billion, representing 15% of the global trade value of $1.08 trillion.

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In early 2024, Nigerian President Bola Tinubu, Rwandan President Paul Kagame, and over 35 African ministers attended the Special Meeting on Global Collaboration, Growth, and Energy for Development in Riyadh.

A Billion-Dollar Nexus

The relationship between Africa and the Gulf states has deep historical roots, shaped by shared trade routes and cultural exchanges. Historically, Gulf investments in Africa centred on agriculture and oil. However, as the global energy landscape shifts towards sustainability, Gulf nations have expanded their focus to critical minerals such as cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements—essential for renewable energy and technological advancements.

In the last decade, GCC countries have collectively invested over $100 billion in Africa. The UAE accounts for $59.4 billion of this, while Saudi Arabia and Qatar have invested $25.6 billion and $7.2 billion, respectively. During this period, the UAE emerged as the fourth-largest foreign direct investor in Africa, trailing only China, the EU, and the United States.

This investment surge aligns with economic diversification initiatives such as Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and the UAE’s National Energy Strategy. For example, in March 2024, International Holding Company, an Emirati firm, acquired a 51% stake in Zambia’s Mopani Copper Mines. Similarly, Saudi Arabia signed agreements with four African countries to explore mining partnerships, and Qatar Airways invested $1.3 billion in Rwanda’s aviation sector, acquiring a 49% stake in RwandAir and a 60% stake in Bugesera International Airport.

Countries like Zambia, Mozambique, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are poised to benefit significantly, given their abundant mineral reserves. Meanwhile, Gulf states secure access to raw materials critical to diversifying their economies.

Why It Matters: Africa’s Stakes

Gulf investments present Africa with numerous opportunities, including infrastructure development and economic diversification. UAE-backed projects, such as copper recovery facilities in Zambia and oil storage plants in Tanzania, exemplify these benefits. Such initiatives are crucial for addressing Africa’s $150 billion infrastructure funding gap, as highlighted by the Africa Finance Corporation.

Yet, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Africa have declined recently, dropping from $80 billion in 2021 to $45 billion in 2022, according to UNCTAD’s World Investment Report. Simultaneously, Chinese investments in Africa have diminished due to economic challenges and a pivot towards sustainable development, with new loan commitments in 2022 totalling just $995.5 million compared to a peak of $28.5 billion in 2016.

Mining activities driven by Gulf investments also contribute to job creation. However, risks such as resource exploitation, environmental degradation, and unequal revenue distribution raise concerns about the long-term benefits of these collaborations for African economies.

Why It Matters: Gulf Interests

The Gulf states’ interest in Africa stems from strategic imperatives. Africa’s mineral wealth is critical to the Gulf’s renewable energy ambitions and enhances energy security. Furthermore, partnerships with Africa align with the Gulf’s economic diversification goals, reducing reliance on oil. These engagements also bolster geopolitical influence by countering growing competition from China and the West.

Should Ties Continue?

The Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is expected to strengthen these partnerships by providing GCC companies with access to a larger, integrated African market. Launched in 2021, the AfCFTA aims to create a single market that could grow to encompass 1.7 billion people and $6.7 trillion in consumer and business spending by 2030.

The World Economic Forum’s 2022 launch of the Friends of the AfCFTA initiative seeks to mobilise the private sector to implement the agreement. GCC companies, including DP World, have actively participated. DP World’s $80 million investment in a logistics park in Sokhna, Egypt, and its 30-year contract to upgrade Tanzania’s Dar es Salaam port illustrate the Gulf’s commitment to enhancing African trade infrastructure.

If these partnerships endure, Africa’s mining sector could experience exponential growth, with Gulf investments potentially surpassing $50 billion by 2040. To achieve these outcomes sustainably, African nations must renegotiate terms prioritising local development, equitable revenue sharing, and environmental responsibility.

Additionally, Gulf-based firms such as Agility are working to facilitate FDI and improve investor confidence by collaborating with local logistics providers, thus easing entry into the African market.

A Balancing Act

The Africa-Gulf partnership in the mineral sector offers significant opportunities and challenges. While the Gulf states stand to benefit from Africa’s resources, ensuring mutual gains is essential. Transparency, ethical practices, and mutual accountability will determine whether this partnership ultimately proves a boon or bane for Africa.

As global economic landscapes evolve, the Africa-GCC partnership is poised to deepen. Marked by increased investments, trade, and joint ventures, this collaboration could foster economic resilience and growth—provided it is managed judiciously and equitably.

The post Africa-Gulf Trade Ties: Boon or Bane for the Economy? appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Over the past two decades, trade fairs have evolved from modest gatherings to large-scale, multi-sector exhibitions that command global attention. Rapid urbanisation, a growing middle class, and Africa’s increasing role in global supply chains have all contributed to the expansion of these events. Notable examples such as the African Trade Fair (ATF) and the Africa International Trade Fair (AITF) attract thousands of exhibitors and visitors from various countries, creating vital platforms for networking, partnership building, and market exploration.

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Connecting African Markets

Trade fairs provide a crucial platform for African businesses to explore opportunities within the continent, exchange ideas, and establish connections that might otherwise be difficult to forge. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which seeks to create a single market for goods and services across the continent, has given additional momentum to these trade events. AfCFTA facilitates reduced tariffs, smoother movement of goods, and increased trade among African nations, promoting integration and bringing together stakeholders to discuss trade policies, investment opportunities, and new collaborations.

For instance, the East African Trade Exhibition in Nairobi brings together businesses from East Africa and beyond, providing a venue for companies to broaden their reach and form partnerships that may lead to cross-border trade. Similarly, the West African Trade and Investment Conference in Lagos serves as a hub for industries aiming to tap into the region’s diverse consumer markets, spanning agriculture, technology, and more.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a critical role in Africa’s development, and trade fairs serve as meeting grounds for potential investors seeking entry into African markets. Events like the South African Trade & Investment Exhibition and the Nigeria International Trade Fair regularly attract international investors, helping them identify viable opportunities in sectors such as mining, energy, and renewable technologies.

A Platform for Innovation and Knowledge Sharing

Africa is emerging as a hub for innovation and technology, and trade fairs are increasingly becoming platforms for showcasing cutting-edge solutions across various industries. Events such as the African Fintech Festival in Lagos and the Africa Tech Festival in Cape Town are prominent gatherings for the tech community, bringing together innovators, investors, and entrepreneurs to discuss emerging trends in digital transformation, fintech, artificial intelligence, and blockchain.

These events enable African businesses to collaborate with international counterparts, share knowledge, and create synergies that advance technological adoption across the continent. Additionally, they provide African tech startups with the opportunity to present their products to potential investors, partners, and clients, making these fairs integral to the continent’s burgeoning tech ecosystem.

The Role of Government and Regional Partnerships

Governments across Africa are increasingly recognising the value of trade fairs as tools for economic diplomacy and regional integration. Ministries of Trade and Industry actively promote trade fairs, often providing financial support and logistical assistance to businesses and entrepreneurs seeking to attend these events. In many instances, governments also organise trade missions or facilitate networking opportunities with foreign dignitaries and business leaders.

Regional economic communities (RECs) such as ECOWAS, SADC, and EAC also play a supportive role, promoting intra-regional cooperation and business development through trade fairs. These partnerships create a favourable environment for businesses to thrive, ensuring that trade fairs align with broader economic objectives and policies that benefit multiple countries.

Trade fairs in Africa have become pivotal to the continent’s economic future, serving as critical platforms for connecting businesses, attracting investment, and showcasing innovation. They play a key role in strengthening trade ties within the continent and beyond, aligning with Africa’s ambition to establish itself as a global economic powerhouse.

As Africa continues its economic ascent, these events will remain instrumental in unlocking the continent’s full potential, empowering local entrepreneurs, fostering international collaborations, and boosting Africa’s trade competitiveness on the world stage.

The post Trade Fairs in Africa: Catalysts of Growth and Connectivity? appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

Africa’s linguistic diversity is among its most defining features, with over 2,000 languages classified into families such as Afroasiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, and Khoisan. Nations like Nigeria, with over 500 languages, and Cameroon, with more than 200, highlight the linguistic complexity often present within a single country. For many African communities, language is far more than a tool for communication—it serves as a repository for traditions, a medium for oral history, and a lens through which worldviews are expressed.

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In numerous African countries, communication across ethnic and linguistic lines can prove difficult, particularly in multilingual societies where no single language is universally understood. Each ethnic group has its own customs, social systems, religious beliefs, and way of life. In cases of deep-seated ethnic rivalries, as seen in Rwanda or Sudan, cultural divides have frequently fuelled tensions and conflicts.

The Challenge of Unity in Diversity

For Africa to achieve lasting peace, stability, and economic growth, it must confront the task of bridging these divides. The legacy of colonialism, with its arbitrary borders that disregarded Africa’s intricate ethnic and linguistic realities, has left many countries grappling with demands for political representation and autonomy. In extreme cases, such demands have escalated into calls for secession, as witnessed in South Sudan, Nigeria, and Ethiopia.

Education remains a critical avenue for addressing cultural and linguistic divides. It is often the primary mechanism through which children from varied backgrounds learn to coexist and contribute to their societies. However, in many African nations, education is delivered in colonial languages such as English or French, which can act as barriers, particularly for rural children who grow up speaking indigenous languages.

Promoting indigenous languages is one of the most effective strategies for fostering inclusivity. Countries such as Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa have embraced mother-tongue education to help children better understand complex concepts while simultaneously instilling pride in their cultural identities. The African Union has also championed the elevation of African languages alongside colonial ones, recognising their essential role in fostering inclusivity and societal cohesion.

The Role of Pan-Africanism and Inclusive Governance

The ideology of Pan-Africanism, which advocates unity and solidarity among African nations and peoples, has experienced a resurgence. Cultural exchange programmes, festivals, and joint artistic ventures now serve as platforms to promote intercultural understanding. Pan-African organisations, including the African Union (AU) and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), are actively creating frameworks to encourage cooperation between nations, with particular emphasis on cultural and educational integration.

African leaders are increasingly aware of the need to build inclusive political systems that reflect the continent’s diversity. In South Africa, for instance, efforts have been made to ensure all cultural and linguistic groups are represented within political institutions—a key step towards redressing the legacies of apartheid. Similarly, Rwanda’s government has prioritised national unity and reconciliation following the 1994 genocide, fostering a renewed sense of shared identity.

Africa’s diversity, when embraced, is a wellspring of creativity, innovation, and mutual understanding. By promoting indigenous languages, fostering inclusive governance, advancing regional integration, and leveraging technology, the continent can overcome historical barriers to unity. Africa’s true strength lies in its diversity, and by cultivating an environment that celebrates this richness, it can build a future founded on respect, understanding, and shared aspirations.

The post Bridging Cultural and Linguistic Divides in Africa: A Challenge and an Opportunity appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

From Village Hubs to Global Highways

Africa’s digital marketplaces have become a unifying force, linking local artisans in rural Tanzania with buyers in New York and connecting Nigerian tech startups with investors in Silicon Valley. Platforms like Jumia, Africa’s largest e-commerce site, have redefined trade by offering an Amazon-style experience tailored to the continent’s unique needs.

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According to a Statista report, African e-commerce is projected to grow from $34.7 billion in 2024 to $58 billion by 2027. This growth is driven by increasing smartphone penetration, which is expected to reach 75% of the population by 2025, and improved internet connectivity enabled by infrastructure projects such as Google’s Equiano subsea cable.

The Story of Kenyan Farmers

One standout example is M-Farm, a digital marketplace in Kenya that connects farmers directly with buyers, eliminating middlemen and ensuring fairer prices. For decades, rural farmers struggled to access markets, losing up to 40% of profits to intermediaries. Through M-Farm, they now negotiate directly with wholesalers and retailers, significantly boosting their incomes while contributing to regional food security.

Mary Wanjiku, a small-scale farmer from Eldoret, exemplifies this transformation. She reported a 70% increase in revenue after adopting M-Farm. By leveraging digital tools, Mary not only supports her community but also contributes to Kenya’s agricultural exports, valued at $1.1 billion in 2023.

Bridges Over Barriers

Despite the immense promise of digital marketplaces, challenges persist. Cross-border payment systems, logistical constraints, and regulatory hurdles often impede seamless trade. To tackle these issues, platforms such as Flutterwave and Paystack have developed streamlined payment solutions that enable transactions in multiple currencies with minimal friction.

In 2023, Flutterwave facilitated over $3 billion in transactions, providing secure and scalable payment options for businesses across 34 African countries. Such innovations empower African artisans to sell handmade jewellery to customers in Paris without grappling with complex currency exchanges or payment failures.

The Marketplace of Culture: A Case Study of African Fashion

Africa’s digital marketplaces are not just about products; they are about storytelling. Platforms like Afrikrea provide designers across the continent with a global stage to showcase African fashion. In 2023, Afrikrea reported $30 million in transactions, with 90% of buyers coming from Europe and North America.

Designers such as Ghana’s Christie Brown are thriving, with their collections featured in international fashion shows and e-commerce platforms. Each stitch in a Christie Brown dress weaves Africa’s rich history, and its sale on Afrikrea channels revenue directly to African entrepreneurs.

Governments and Startups

The success of Africa’s digital marketplaces lies in partnerships between governments, startups, and private investors. Initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) are pivotal in creating a unified digital market. AfCFTA aims to boost intra-African trade by 52% by 2025, with digital platforms playing a central role.

Rwanda’s “Made in Rwanda” initiative is a model of government support for innovation. Platforms like Irembo have simplified access to government services, fostering a tech-enabled economy. These efforts ensure that digital trade benefits not just urban elites but also rural communities.

What Lies Ahead

The future of Africa’s digital marketplaces shines brightly. By integrating blockchain technology for transparency, leveraging artificial intelligence to predict consumer trends, and investing in logistics infrastructure, the continent is poised to lead a global digital renaissance.

Akinwumi Adesina, President of the African Development Bank, aptly remarked, “Africa is the last frontier of global trade, and our digital marketplaces are the bridges to a brighter future.”

As the continent continues to innovate, its digital marketplaces are not merely trading goods but also reshaping the narrative of African potential. They stand as a testament to resilience, ingenuity, and the boundless energy of a connected continent.

Africa is no longer waiting to be invited to the table of global trade; it is setting the table, inviting the world to experience the vibrancy of its culture, the richness of its resources, and the brilliance of its people.

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Africa’s rich artistic heritage, rooted in its status as the cradle of civilisation, once thrived on creativity, education, and knowledge. This cultural wealth, however, was exploited by Western powers, who dismissed the grandeur they encountered on a continent they termed the “dark continent.” Iconic treasures such as the Benin Bronzes, Nok terracotta figures, Timbuktu manuscripts, and Egyptian wooden sarcophagi were taken.

The Extent of the Plunder

According to a 2007 UNESCO Forum on Cultural Artifacts, between 90% and 95% of sub-Saharan Africa’s cultural artefacts are held outside the continent. Many pieces were acquired during the colonial era and remain in museums across Europe and North America.

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The 2007 UNESCO Forum on Cultural Artifacts coincided with the Universal Forum of Cultures held in Monterrey, Mexico. The event was aimed at promoting dialogue among diverse cultures and was marked by an emphasis on the importance of cultural exchanges. The forum was part of broader discussions emphasized by UNESCO during its 34th General Conference regarding access to cultural property and the significance of preserving cultural identities.

European museums, in particular, house significantly larger collections than their American counterparts. For example, the British Museum has 73,000 African items; the Netherlands’ National Museum of World Cultures holds 66,000; Germany’s Ethnological Museum has 75,000; France’s Quai Branly Museum keeps over 70,000; and Belgium’s Royal Museum for Central Africa boasts an astounding 180,000 items. In contrast, fewer than 50,000 African artefacts are believed to exist in all U.S. museum collections combined.

Artifacts in Western Custody

African artefacts remain scattered across Western museums, private collections, and institutions. Sadly, many nations in the West resist returning these works to their rightful African owners, despite the unethical circumstances under which they were taken.

One infamous example is the Benin Bronzes, looted during the British punitive expedition of 1897. Thousands of pieces were stolen and dispersed globally. During the colonial period, imperial powers systematically seized countless artefacts, motivated by scientific curiosity, cultural appropriation, and financial gain. Many of these acquisitions were achieved through coercion, violence, or exploitative trade.

Even after independence, the theft of African cultural heritage persisted. Smuggling, looting, and illegal excavations continue to threaten the continent’s cultural legacy.

The Case for Repatriation

The question of who should care for Africa’s cultural heritage—European institutions that have housed these items for decades or the African societies that created them—has lingered since the wave of African independence movements in the mid-20th century.

However, repatriating African artefacts is far more than a sentimental gesture; it is a cultural, historical, and economic imperative. Returning these treasures preserves Africa’s cultural legacy for future generations. Artefacts, restored to their original contexts, allow African cultures to evolve and reclaim their narratives.

The Benin Bronzes, for instance, were among the first African works of art to captivate Europeans, sparking curiosity among scholars, artists, and the public. Repatriation would nurture a sense of pride and cultural identity for Africans. As Ikhuehi Omonkhua, chief exhibition officer of the National Museum in Benin City, poignantly states, “Keeping them abroad is like holding our ancestors hostage.”

Artefacts also serve as invaluable historical records, offering insights into the art, technology, and ideologies of past societies. Repatriation enables African nations to study and document their histories on their terms. Furthermore, these treasures can revitalise tourism and cultural sectors, attracting visitors, generating revenue, and creating jobs.

Addressing Historical Injustice

The theft of African artefacts was often accompanied by violence, exploitation, and cultural insensitivity. Repatriation represents an opportunity to acknowledge and atone for historical injustices. While the process of returning stolen items is fraught with challenges—such as disputes over ownership, the fragility of artefacts, and the associated costs—progress has been made through international awareness and advocacy.

Moving Forward

To make repatriation a lasting reality, several steps are essential:
1. Strengthen International Laws: Develop and enforce robust global frameworks to prevent the unauthorised trade of cultural property.
2. Boost Collaboration: Foster partnerships among museums, governments, and cultural organisations to streamline the repatriation process.
3. Invest in Cultural Management: African countries must invest in facilities and expertise to safeguard and manage their cultural assets effectively.
4. Raise Public Awareness: Educate the public on the value of cultural heritage and the detrimental effects of illicit trafficking in artefacts.

The historical theft of African artefacts has profoundly impacted the continent’s cultural identity and legacy. Repatriation not only restores dignity but also fosters a greater appreciation of Africa’s rich heritage. Alongside the return of physical artefacts, it is crucial to acknowledge the wrongs of the past and work towards a fairer future for all cultures.

As negotiations over repatriation continue, institutions that have long held these treasures must take responsibility and actively participate in the journey toward justice. Only then can we begin to restore what was lost and ensure Africa’s cultural wealth benefits its people once again

The post Africa’s Stolen Heritage: Why Repatriation of Artefacts Matters appeared first on African Leadership Magazine.

According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 4.8% year-on-year in the first three quarters, reaching approximately RMB 94.97 trillion (US$13 trillion). While this growth lags behind the double-digit rates of previous decades, it represents a rebound from pandemic-induced slumps and showcases resilience in a rapidly evolving global economy.

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Retail sales, a barometer of consumer confidence, increased by 4.8% in October 2024, bolstered by record spending during events like Singles’ Day. Industrial output rose 5.8% in the same period, with high-tech sectors achieving an impressive 9.1% growth. These figures underscore the role of technology and domestic consumption as drivers of recovery.

However, challenges remain. The real estate sector, contributing roughly 30% of China’s GDP, has faced enduring pressures, with major developers reporting declining revenues. Externally, intensifying trade disputes, particularly with the U.S., compound the complexity of China’s economic path forward.

Policies Steering the Recovery

China’s central government has rolled out a suite of policy measures aimed at stabilising and stimulating growth. These include tax incentives for small businesses, infrastructure investment worth billions of dollars, and targeted support for struggling sectors like real estate. The People’s Bank of China has also lowered interest rates to spur lending and counteract deflationary pressures.

In tandem with domestic policies, Beijing has reinforced its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), strengthening economic ties with Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. These strategic investments, particularly in energy and infrastructure, not only bolster China’s economic standing but also foster regional interdependence.

Global Implications of China’s Rally

The impact of China’s economic activity extends far beyond its borders. Accounting for approximately 18% of global GDP and nearly 11% of global imports, China is a critical player in global trade. A strong Chinese economy can invigorate global growth by driving demand for commodities and manufactured goods. Conversely, any stagnation in China could reverberate globally, particularly in emerging markets reliant on Chinese investment and trade.

1. Commodities Market: China remains the largest consumer of key commodities, including steel, coal, and rare earth metals. A recovery in its construction and manufacturing sectors has triggered a moderate rebound in global commodity prices.

2. Supply Chain Dynamics: As a hub for global manufacturing, China’s recovery has eased bottlenecks in critical supply chains. However, the decoupling trends driven by geopolitical tensions may encourage nations to diversify supply sources, reducing reliance on China in the long term.

3. Financial Markets: Chinese firms’ performance in technology, renewable energy, and electric vehicles (EVs) continues to shape investor sentiment. The country’s recent measures to ease foreign investment restrictions have opened new avenues for global capital inflows.

Challenges to Sustained Growth

China’s recovery is not without hurdles. The demographic shift, marked by a declining working-age population, poses a significant long-term challenge. Additionally, escalating geopolitical tensions, particularly in the Taiwan Strait and South China Sea, risk destabilising economic progress.

From a trade perspective, the re-escalation of U.S.-China tariff disputes threatens the already fragile relationship between the two economic superpowers. Emerging sanctions on high-tech exports to China could stifle innovation in critical industries such as AI and semiconductor manufacturing.

Future Outlook

Looking ahead, China’s economic policies will play a pivotal role in determining global market stability. Key areas to watch include its transition towards green energy, the evolution of its domestic consumption model, and its ability to manage external shocks. Experts predict that China’s GDP growth could stabilise at 5% annually by 2025, driven by innovation in AI, renewable energy, and advanced manufacturing.

For the global economy, China’s trajectory offers a dual narrative: on the one hand, a strong Chinese recovery can drive international trade and bolster commodity markets; on the other, lingering uncertainties necessitate cautious optimism. Policymakers worldwide will need to balance their economic dependencies on China while navigating the intricacies of a multipolar global market.

China’s economic rally is emblematic of resilience and adaptation in a time of global volatility. With targeted policy interventions and a pivot toward innovation-driven growth, the nation has demonstrated its capacity to navigate complex challenges. Yet, the global implications of its recovery are far-reaching, influencing markets, trade flows, and geopolitical alignments.

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Globally, the market capitalisation of cryptocurrencies has surpassed $2.5 trillion, with Bitcoin reaching a record high of $73,750 on 14 March 2024 and contributing over $1.44 trillion to this figure. The cryptocurrency market is projected to grow to $6.4 billion by 2025. By then, the number of cryptocurrency users worldwide is expected to reach 107.3 million, with a user penetration rate of 7.41% in 2024, dipping slightly to 7.35% by 2025.

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In Sub-Saharan Africa, cryptocurrency transactions have witnessed remarkable growth, accounting for 2.7% of the global crypto economy’s transaction volume. According to research by Chainalysis, the on-chain value of cryptocurrency transactions in the region reached an estimated $125 billion in 2024, a $7.5 billion increase from the previous year.

The increasing acceptance of cryptocurrencies in Africa stems from their diverse applications, including small, frequent transactions, business payments, and as a hedge against inflation. In Nigeria, for instance, roughly one-third of the population invests in cryptocurrencies. This has had a transformative impact, particularly among young Nigerians, enhancing financial inclusion and economic resilience.

To fully harness cryptocurrency’s potential, however, African nations must enhance government support, foster industry partnerships, and promote public awareness. These efforts will help build a more inclusive and prosperous future for the continent.

These are the top 10 African nations for cryptocurrency adoption in 2024, based on the most recent Chainalysis analysis.

1. Nigeria
Global Rank – 2
Rank (Africa) – 1

2. Ethiopia
Global Rank – 26
Rank (Africa) – 2

3. Morocco
Global Rank – 27
Rank (Africa) – 3

4. Kenya
Global Rank – 28
Rank (Africa) – 4

5. South Africa
Global Rank – 30
Rank (Africa) – 5

6. Uganda
Global Rank – 34
Rank (Africa) – 6

7. Algeria
Global Rank – 43
Rank (Africa) – 7

8. Egypt
Global Rank – 44
Rank (Africa) – 8

9. Ghana
Global Rank – 46
Rank (Africa) – 9

10. Democratic Republic of Congo
Global Rank – 48
Rank (Africa) – 10

The Potential Impact of Cryptocurrency on Africa

The rise of cryptocurrency aligns with Africa’s digital transformation and holds the potential to significantly influence its economic and social development. By leveraging blockchain technology, African nations can unlock new opportunities for financial inclusion, foster entrepreneurship, and accelerate growth.

Cryptocurrency can empower citizens by providing alternatives to traditional financial systems, especially in regions with limited banking infrastructure. Moreover, the transparency and decentralised nature of blockchain technology can enhance trust in financial transactions and support cross-border trade.

Africa’s embrace of cryptocurrency reflects a broader trend of technological innovation across the continent. With the right policies and partnerships, the continent can position itself as a global leader in the cryptocurrency space, driving economic empowerment and sustainable development.

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Historically, Africa’s supply chains have centred on the extraction and export of raw materials—such as oil, minerals, agricultural produce, and timber—often with minimal value-added processing before reaching global markets. However, Africa’s logistical infrastructure, especially in rural and remote areas, has struggled to meet the demands of a fast-growing population and expanding middle class.

With Africa’s economic growth accelerating, there is a mounting emphasis on diversifying supply chains and developing more robust, self-sufficient systems capable of withstanding global shocks. This shift aims to reduce Africa’s dependency on foreign imports and build resilience against unforeseen global disruptions.

The COVID-19 pandemic starkly highlighted the fragility of global supply chains. Lockdowns, border closures, and factory shutdowns across the world caused severe disruptions for many African countries, particularly in accessing essential goods such as medical supplies and food. This experience underscored the need for Africa to bolster its supply chain resilience, diversify sourcing strategies, and invest in local manufacturing to reduce reliance on volatile global networks.

Trade conflicts among global powers, notably between the U.S. and China, have had ripple effects on African supply chains. As global trade flows grow increasingly unpredictable, African countries are re-evaluating their reliance on specific markets and suppliers. For instance, countries heavily dependent on Chinese imports or exports have had to adapt to changing tariffs, trade restrictions, and supply shortages. Additionally, Brexit and shifts in European Union trade policies have impacted African exporters, particularly those benefiting from preferential trade agreements with the EU.

Africa’s vulnerability to climate change is another critical issue. The continent’s agriculture, water resources, and infrastructure are already strained due to rising temperatures, droughts, floods, and erratic weather patterns. Given Africa’s reliance on natural resources such as timber, minerals, and fossil fuels, addressing these environmental challenges is crucial. Building climate-resilient supply chains that can absorb environmental shocks is an urgent priority to secure Africa’s future.

Advancements in technology—such as automation, artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT)—are also reshaping supply chain operations. While the adoption of digital tools across the continent remains uneven, there is considerable progress in mobile banking, e-commerce, and logistics. The potential for technology to revolutionise Africa’s supply chains is especially significant in sectors like agriculture, where digital platforms for farmers, drones for crop monitoring, and blockchain for traceability are already making tangible impacts.

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), established in 2021, represents a pivotal step in Africa’s move toward a more integrated and self-sufficient economy. By eliminating tariffs and reducing trade barriers within Africa, the agreement promotes intra-continental trade and lessens reliance on external markets. AfCFTA is expected to strengthen Africa’s internal supply chains by boosting the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders.

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Africa’s infrastructure deficit remains a major impediment to efficient supply chains. However, regional projects like the African Union’s Programme for Infrastructure Development (PIDA) and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), especially in countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia, and Nigeria, are making headway in enhancing transportation networks, logistics, and digital connectivity. The development of ports, railways, and highways is essential for fostering Africa’s internal trade, reducing logistical costs, and improving access to global markets.

The challenges Africa faces in the 21st century pose substantial risks to its supply chains. Transforming the continent’s supply chain landscape will require a focus on regional integration, infrastructure upgrades, support for local manufacturing, and the adoption of sustainable digital technologies. As the world evolves, Africa’s ability to navigate and adapt to these challenges will be instrumental in defining its role within the global economy—and in harnessing the vast potential of its youthful, dynamic, and entrepreneurial population.

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