According to the World Bank, global remittances to low- and middle-income countries reached a record $685 billion in 2024, with Africa receiving approximately 5.8%. Nigeria alone accounted for $4.22 billion, representing a significant source of external financing. Countries such as Egypt ($29 billion) and Ghana ($6.65 billion) also benefit heavily from diaspora inflows. However, these remittances are primarily used for household consumption rather than large-scale investments.

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The introduction of diaspora bonds could shift this dynamic, directing a fraction of these funds towards national development projects. Israel, for example, has raised over $44 billion since launching its diaspora bond programme in 1951. India followed suit, successfully raising $11 billion through diaspora bonds during its economic crisis in 1991. If African nations replicate these models, they could unlock billions in new development funds.

The Potential of Diaspora Bonds in Africa

Africa’s diaspora community is one of its most significant assets. With over 50 million Africans living abroad, many have accumulated wealth and are willing to contribute to their home countries’ development. Unlike traditional foreign aid, diaspora bonds offer a direct and stable source of funding, as investors are emotionally and culturally tied to their homelands.

Ethiopia provides a noteworthy case study. The country issued its first diaspora bond in 2008, raising millions to finance the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Although challenges such as low subscription rates persisted, the initiative demonstrated the potential for mobilising diaspora resources. Similarly, Kenya launched its own diaspora bond in 2011 to fund infrastructure projects, though results were mixed due to limited investor confidence. By learning from these experiences, African governments can refine their approaches to attract more investors.

Challenges and Risks

Despite its potential, the success of diaspora bonds hinges on trust, governance, and financial stability. Many African governments struggle with issues of corruption, mismanagement, and political instability, discouraging diaspora members from investing. For instance, Ethiopia’s diaspora bond faced scepticism due to concerns about government transparency. To mitigate these risks, governments must adopt best practices, ensuring proper financial accountability, offering competitive interest rates, and fostering investor confidence through clear legal frameworks.

Nigeria presents a notable example. In 2017, the Nigerian government successfully issued a $300 million diaspora bond with an interest rate of 5.625%, targeting Nigerians in the U.S., U.K., and Europe. The bond was well received, proving that structured policies and transparent governance can attract diaspora investments.

A Global Perspective on Diaspora Bonds

Africa is not alone in leveraging diaspora bonds. Countries such as China and the Philippines have experimented with similar instruments to boost national development. China’s global diaspora has played a crucial role in financing the country’s economic rise, with expatriates heavily investing in national industries and infrastructure. The Philippines has also encouraged its overseas workforce, which remits over $30 billion annually, to invest in homeland projects. These global examples highlight that when effectively structured, diaspora bonds can become a reliable financing mechanism. Africa’s challenge is to instil confidence among its diaspora communities and create investment-friendly environments.

Unlocking Africa’s Financial Potential

To fully harness diaspora bonds, African nations must adopt strategic policies. First, governments should strengthen financial institutions, ensuring transparency and accountability. Establishing independent monitoring bodies to oversee bond utilisation will boost investor trust. Second, African countries must offer attractive incentives such as tax breaks and high-yield returns to make diaspora bonds competitive in global financial markets. Third, marketing and outreach efforts should be intensified. Many African diaspora members are unaware of these investment opportunities, underscoring the need for targeted campaigns, digital platforms, and partnerships with financial institutions abroad.

If well implemented, diaspora bonds could provide Africa with an alternative financial strategy to fund critical infrastructure, drive economic growth, and reduce dependency on foreign loans. The time has come for African nations to view their diaspora communities not just as remittance senders but as strategic investors in the continent’s future. By doing so, Africa can unlock billions in untapped capital, turning the vision of self-sustaining development into a reality.

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The Diaspora Effect

Central to this transformation are the 168,000 African health professionals in the diaspora, who comprise nearly 13% of the global health workforce in developed countries. In the United States alone, African immigrants make up 22% of foreign-trained physicians, highlighting their indispensable role in global healthcare systems.

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While many contribute abroad, an increasing number are returning or investing in cross-border initiatives, bringing expertise and resources to strengthen health systems across Africa. This “brain gain” is redefining Africa’s health narrative.

Africa CDC: A Health Command Centre

The establishment of the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) in 2017 marked a pivotal moment in Africa’s health leadership. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Africa CDC coordinated responses across 55 member states, delivering over 700 million vaccine doses through the African Vaccine Acquisition Trust (AVAT) by 2022.
Beyond COVID-19, Africa CDC has led efforts to combat diseases such as Ebola and monkeypox, demonstrating proactive leadership in global health governance.

Transforming Vaccine Manufacturing

Africa’s reliance on imported vaccines—previously 99%—is rapidly decreasing. By 2040, the African Union aims to produce 60% of the vaccines needed for the continent. Progress is already visible:

● South Africa: Aspen Pharmacare, Africa’s largest pharmaceutical manufacturer, partnered with Johnson & Johnson to produce COVID-19 vaccines for local and global use.

● Senegal: The Institut Pasteur de Dakar, with $200 million in funding, is expanding its capacity to produce 25 million vaccine doses annually by 2024.

● Rwanda: In partnership with BioNTech, Rwanda is establishing Africa’s first mRNA vaccine facility, a groundbreaking step in combating diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis.

This shift positions Africa as both self-reliant and a global supplier of life-saving vaccines.

A Hotbed for Health Research

African researchers are making significant contributions to global health. In 2021, they produced over 19,000 scientific publications, a sharp rise from previous decades. Leading institutions include:

● CAPRISA (South Africa): Its groundbreaking HIV prevention research has shaped World Health Organization (WHO) policies.

● KEMRI (Kenya): In partnership with the Wellcome Trust, KEMRI has advanced malaria vaccine development, notably the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, now in use across Africa and Asia.

Tackling Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)

Africa is achieving remarkable success in addressing neglected diseases:

● Guinea Worm Eradication: Cases have fallen from 3.5 million in 1986 to fewer than 15 in 2023, thanks to coordinated efforts.

● Schistosomiasis Control: Ethiopia’s mass drug administration programme has halved prevalence rates in targeted regions, serving as a WHO model.

Genomics: Unlocking Africa’s Potential
Africa’s unparalleled genetic diversity is a treasure trove for medical breakthroughs. Initiatives like the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa) project have mapped over 50,000 African genomes, aiding treatments for conditions like sickle cell anaemia and hypertension.

South Africa’s African Genomics Centre is at the forefront of personalised medicine and genomics-driven drug development, positioning the continent as a global leader in this field.

The Role of the Diaspora

The African diaspora plays a vital role in strengthening health systems back home. Organisations like AMREF Health Africa and the African Diaspora Network mobilise resources and expertise to bolster healthcare across the continent:

● Diaspora Health Workers: Programmes like the African Diaspora Health Initiative enable short-term missions, treating over 500,000 patients annually in underserved areas.

● Training Investments: Initiatives such as the Ghana Diaspora Healthcare Initiative have trained 1,200 health workers, addressing critical care gaps.

Community-Based Healthcare Innovations
Africa’s grassroots health initiatives are global models for equitable healthcare:

● Ethiopia’s Health Extension Programme: By training over 45,000 community health workers, it reduced child mortality by 67% between 2000 and 2020.

● Kenya’s M-TIBA Platform: Enabling citizens to save and pay for healthcare via mobile phones, this innovation is being studied for adaptation in South Asia and Latin America.

Overcoming Challenges

Despite its progress, Africa still faces hurdles such as insufficient funding, infrastructure gaps, and brain drain. Meeting health goals requires an estimated $66 billion annually. However, the momentum is unstoppable. Initiatives like the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and increased private-sector investment are addressing these challenges.

Africa’s Prescription for the World

Africa is no longer the patient; it is the physician, offering solutions and innovations to global health challenges. From vaccine development to pandemic response, genomic research, and leveraging its diaspora, the continent’s contributions are reshaping the global health landscape.

Africa’s pulse is no longer weak. It beats strong and steady, driving a healthier future for all. As Africa rises, the world heals.

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Migration has long been integral to Africa’s socio-political landscape, with movements across regions driven by wars, famines, colonial legacies, and economic disparities. However, the 21st century has brought significant shifts in African migration patterns. Between 2017 and 2021, over 30 million Africans were living abroad, a number that continues to grow as pressures on African societies intensify and global demand for skilled workers increases.

Globally, international migration has risen steadily. According to the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), approximately 281 million international migrants were recorded in 2020, equating to 3.6% of the world’s population. This figure represents an increase of 128 million since 1990 and has more than tripled since 1970.

While Africa has traditionally been a source of migration to the Middle East and Europe, intra-African migration is on the rise, particularly in regions such as West and East Africa. This shift is largely driven by the pursuit of economic opportunities and the growing integration of African economies under frameworks such as the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).

Drivers of Migration in Africa

Africa’s rapidly growing population is a major push factor, with an estimated 10–12 million young people entering the workforce annually. Many seek better prospects abroad due to limited opportunities at home. The World Bank highlights climate change as another critical driver, with desertification in regions like the Sahel and unpredictable flooding in coastal areas forcing people to relocate. By 2050, climate change could account for up to 10% of cross-border migration in Africa.

Environmental crises in countries such as Somalia, Ethiopia, and Sudan continue to displace millions. Meanwhile, ongoing conflicts and political instability, from the Sudanese crisis to unrest in South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Somalia, are generating significant numbers of displaced persons. The IOM reports that these conflicts have led to dramatic increases in cross-border displacement, intensifying migration pressures.

Africa’s Role in Shaping Global Migration Policies

Africa is increasingly asserting its influence in global migration discussions. The African Union’s Agenda 2063, which envisions economic and political integration across the continent, includes strategies to manage migration in ways that benefit both origin and destination countries. African leaders have also emphasised the economic benefits of migration, such as remittances, which contributed over $50 billion in 2020 alone. These funds provide vital income for many African households, reframing migration as an opportunity rather than a challenge.

African diplomacy is also shaping global migration policies, particularly in negotiations with Europe. While the European Union (EU) has collaborated with African countries to curb irregular migration, African leaders have criticised these agreements for failing to address the root causes of migration, such as poverty and conflict. They continue to advocate for equitable solutions, including improved pathways for legal migration.

This evolving dialogue is gradually reshaping how migration from Africa is perceived and managed worldwide. African leaders are not only addressing the challenges posed by migration but also seeking to harness its economic potential. With effective policies, migration could become a driver of development, security, and prosperity for both Africa and the wider world.

A New Narrative on African Migration

At the 2018 EU-Africa Summit in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, African leaders called for a more humane approach to migration, urging European countries to focus on creating legal pathways for African migrants rather than relying solely on restrictive measures such as border controls and deportations. The resulting Abidjan Declaration emphasised better management of migration flows, enhanced cooperation to combat human trafficking, and improved integration of African migrants into host societies.

As Africa continues to position itself as a key actor in global migration policy, the narrative around African migration is shifting. What was once primarily viewed as a challenge is increasingly recognised as an opportunity for socio-economic development, security cooperation, and international solidarity. By leveraging the economic potential of migration and advocating for fairer, more humane global policies, Africa is set to reshape the international approach to migration in the years ahead.

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The Power of Remittances

According to the World Bank, remittances to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) grew by an estimated 3.8% in 2023, a slowdown from the higher gains of the previous two years. A concern for 2024 is the potential decline in real income for migrants due to global inflation and weak economic growth prospects.

Remittances from Africans living abroad play a crucial role in Africa’s economies. In 2022 alone, sub-Saharan Africa received approximately $53 billion in remittances, with the largest contributions coming from countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.

Nigeria, Kenya, and Ghana are among the top beneficiaries, with remittances accounting for 3-5% of their GDPs, often exceeding foreign direct investment (FDI) or official development assistance (ODA). These funds not only provide direct financial support to families but also boost local consumption, support businesses, and drive infrastructural development across the continent.

In terms of regional trends, remittance inflows increased for Latin America and the Caribbean (8%), South Asia (7.2%), East Asia and the Pacific (3%), and sub-Saharan Africa (1.9%). However, flows to the Middle East and North Africa declined by 5.3%, primarily due to a sharp drop in remittances to Egypt. Similarly, remittances to Europe and Central Asia decreased by 1.4%, following an 18% increase in 2022.

The cost of sending remittances to Africa remains among the highest globally, averaging 8-9%. Reducing these transaction costs could significantly amplify the impact of remittances, enabling more capital to flow into the continent and generate widespread benefits.

Leading economists, including Kevin Chika Urama of the African Development Bank, emphasise the importance of lowering transaction fees. They suggest that initiatives such as tax incentives for diaspora investors could further enhance the positive impact of remittances.

Economic Impact on Africa’s GDP

Beyond remittances, the African diaspora’s contributions to the continent’s economies through entrepreneurial ventures have become increasingly apparent. Diaspora investments often target sectors with high growth potential, including technology, healthcare, and renewable energy.

The African Diaspora Network’s Beyond Remittances initiative highlights efforts to channel direct investments into African small businesses, particularly in the fintech and renewable energy sectors. These investments contribute to GDP growth and economic diversification by introducing modern solutions and innovative business models, helping to foster economic independence for local communities.

Diaspora Impact in a Globalised World

The influence of Africans abroad extends beyond financial contributions. Many members of the diaspora are highly educated and bring valuable skills back to the continent, a process known as “brain circulation.” This phenomenon facilitates knowledge transfer and strengthens local institutions.

Organisations such as the African Diaspora Network work with both public and private partners to encourage African diasporans to apply their expertise directly to local markets. African governments are increasingly recognising the economic significance of the diaspora. Countries such as Rwanda, Kenya, and Ethiopia have implemented policies to attract diaspora investments, viewing them as essential partners in national development.

Some nations have even created diaspora bonds, encouraging nationals living abroad to invest in infrastructure and development projects back home. These efforts are part of a broader strategy to integrate diaspora contributions into the formal economy, positioning them as a key pillar in Africa’s socio-economic development plans.

Charting the Future

Looking ahead, remittances to LMICs are expected to grow at a modest 2.3% in 2024, although growth will vary across regions. Potential downside risks to these projections include weaker-than-expected economic performance in high-income migrant-hosting countries, as well as volatility in oil prices and currency exchange rates.

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“Migration and resulting remittances are essential drivers of economic and human development,” said Iffath Sharif, Global Director of the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice at the World Bank. “Many countries are interested in managed migration in the face of global demographic imbalances and labour deficits on the one hand and high levels of unemployment and skill gaps on the other. We are working on partnerships between countries sending and receiving migrants to facilitate training, especially for youth, to get the skills needed for better jobs and income at home and in destination countries.”

The African diaspora is poised to play a critical role in the continent’s future. By leveraging both financial and intellectual resources, diasporans can help drive Africa’s growth and stability. Ongoing efforts to streamline remittances, support diaspora-driven investments, and lower transaction costs will be vital in ensuring the diaspora’s influence remains sustainable.

As diaspora networks expand and more partnerships are forged between governments and diaspora communities, the economic power of Africans abroad will likely reach new heights. This will not only boost Africa’s role on the global economic stage but also promote a self-sustaining and prosperous continent.

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The Impact of HeDPAC

One of the most significant collaborations is the Health Development Partnership for Africa and the Caribbean (HeDPAC), launched in 2023. Spearheaded by Prime Minister Mia Amor Mottley of Barbados and President Paul Kagame of Rwanda, the initiative focuses on key areas such as maternal and child health, climate-resilient healthcare, and pharmaceutical manufacturing.

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), Africa accounted for only 1% of global health expenditure in 2021, despite bearing 24% of the global disease burden. Through HeDPAC, investments are projected to increase healthcare workforce training by 20% in both regions, particularly aimed at reducing maternal mortality rates, which remain a critical challenge in both Africa and the Caribbean.

HeDPAC has been allocated $100 million over the next decade to concentrate on primary healthcare, pharmaceutical technology transfer, and workforce training in both regions. This substantial investment aims to enhance healthcare outcomes, with a special focus on reducing maternal mortality, which remains alarmingly high in sub-Saharan Africa, at 534 deaths per 100,000 live births, compared to a global average of 211 per 100,000.

By addressing these urgent healthcare needs, HeDPAC is poised to make a lasting impact on individuals, families, and communities. With a commitment to sustainable development and partnership-building, it aims to empower healthcare workers, strengthen healthcare systems, and promote access to quality healthcare for all.

The African Diaspora Health Initiative (AfDHI)

The African Diaspora Health Initiative (AfDHI) is another leading programme aimed at mobilising African healthcare professionals abroad to support healthcare systems across Africa. AfDHI primarily focuses on rural and underserved communities, tackling critical healthcare shortages that have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Key Achievements and Investments:

• AfDHI has invested $50 million in healthcare projects across 15 African countries, with an emphasis on constructing clinics in rural areas.
• In 2022, its telemedicine programme reached 45,000 patients, delivering healthcare to remote regions with limited hospital access.
• More than 300 healthcare professionals from the diaspora have volunteered in underserved communities, contributing to improvements in maternal health, childcare, and disease control.

Major Initiatives Led by the African Diaspora

The Safe Motherhood Project

Launched by African healthcare professionals in the diaspora, the Safe Motherhood Project focuses on maternal and neonatal health in countries such as Nigeria, Kenya, and Ghana. Since its inception in 2019, the project has raised over $20 million for maternal health interventions and trained more than 1,500 midwives across Africa.

The African Diaspora Health Network (ADHN)

The African Diaspora Health Network (ADHN) brings together African medical professionals abroad to enhance healthcare services in Africa. Between 2020 and 2023, ADHN provided $10 million worth of medical equipment to hospitals across the continent. Additionally, it has established community health centres in rural areas of Ghana, Uganda, and Sierra Leone, increasing access to primary healthcare for underserved communities. The organisation also trains over 1,000 healthcare workers annually, in collaboration with local medical institutions and governments.

Diaspora Volunteer Medical Corps (DVMC)

The DVMC mobilises diaspora doctors and nurses to spend two to four weeks each year working in underfunded hospitals across Africa. Since 2020, 2,000 medical professionals have been deployed to regions in need, serving approximately 100,000 patients. With over $15 million in donations, the initiative has provided essential medical supplies and services to these communities.

Financial and Social Impact

The contributions of the African diaspora extend beyond volunteerism. Their remittances and investments play a crucial role in financing healthcare systems. According to the World Bank, African diaspora remittances reached $49 billion in 2021, a portion of which was directed towards health infrastructure. For example, Nigeria received an estimated $20.9 billion, with 5% allocated to healthcare and education. Other major recipients include Ghana, Kenya, and Ethiopia, all of which have benefited from improved hospital infrastructure and healthcare technology through diaspora investments.

Global health organisations such as the WHO, UNICEF, and the Global Fund have acknowledged the growing influence of these partnerships, aligning their resources with diaspora-led initiatives to further support healthcare improvements.

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Future Prospects

Despite the progress made, challenges remain, including funding gaps, inadequate infrastructure, and the ongoing issue of brain drain. However, the rise of Afro-Caribbean and African collaborations, such as HeDPAC, offers hope. By adopting South-South cooperation models, both regions can harness their collective strengths to drive meaningful change in global health.

In the coming decade, it will be crucial to maintain momentum by securing increased financial commitments from international health bodies and fostering stronger ties between governments, diaspora groups, and non-governmental organisations. By focusing on areas such as maternal health, disease control, and healthcare infrastructure, these collaborative efforts have the potential to create a lasting impact on global health outcomes.

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Former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo once remarked, “The African diaspora is a crucial asset in our quest for sustainable development. Their contributions in education, through scholarships and mentorship, are invaluable to our continent’s progress.”

According to the Migration Policy Institute, Sub-Saharan African immigrants in the United States have higher levels of educational attainment compared to the overall foreign-born population. In 2019, 42% of Sub-Saharan African immigrants aged 25 and older held a bachelor’s degree or higher, surpassing the 33% average among all foreign- and US-born adults.

The Impact of Diaspora-Funded Scholarships

Diaspora-funded scholarships have provided numerous African students with opportunities to pursue higher education at prestigious institutions worldwide. For instance, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation offers scholarships for African students to study at institutions such as the London Business School, SOAS, and the University of Birmingham. These scholarships are specifically designed to nurture leadership skills among African students, ensuring that they return to contribute meaningfully to their home countries.

The Mandela Washington Fellowship, part of the Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI), has benefitted over 7,000 young African leaders since its inception in 2014. This programme, supported by the US government and African diaspora organisations, offers young leaders from Africa the opportunity to study in the United States, focusing on leadership in civic engagement, public management, and business. The annual budget for this initiative is estimated to be around $24 million.

The Tony Elumelu Foundation, led by Nigerian entrepreneur Tony Elumelu, has supported over 15,000 African entrepreneurs and students through its various programmes, including scholarships. The foundation’s scholarship programme focuses on business and entrepreneurship education, with additional grants provided for business development. TEF has committed $100 million over ten years, benefiting thousands of young Africans.

Data on Scholarships for African Students

In Europe, Commonwealth Scholarships have been pivotal in supporting African students. Approximately 18,000 scholars have benefitted from the Commonwealth Scholarship programme, with a significant proportion coming from African countries. These scholarships, often bolstered by diaspora initiatives, provide fully-funded opportunities for master’s and PhD programmes in the UK. The programme is valued at over £25 million annually.

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The Erasmus Mundus Programme has provided life-changing opportunities for over 3,500 African students, enabling them to pursue fully-funded studies across multiple European countries. The European Union’s Erasmus+ programme, which has a total budget of approximately €2.3 billion, allocates a significant portion of its funds to support the Erasmus Mundus initiative.

Scholarships provided by Africans in the diaspora are a powerful catalyst for the continent’s development, extending far beyond financial support. By facilitating access to education, these scholarships nurture the next generation of leaders who will shape Africa’s future. The sustained partnership between the diaspora and African nations is crucial to ensuring that educational opportunities remain accessible to all, regardless of socio-economic background.

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According to chapter three of the IOM’s Migration and Migrants: Regional Dimensions and Developments report, since 2000, there has been a rise in migration within Africa. The number of Africans residing in various regions increased from approximately 17 million in 2015 to over 19.5 million by 2020. By May 2023, more than 2 million individuals had been internally displaced due to drought in Ethiopia and Somalia combined. At the beginning of the same year, over 866,000 refugees and asylum-seekers in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia were living in areas affected by the drought.

At its core, migration within Africa is influenced by a myriad of factors, including economic opportunities. Just as Africans seek better livelihoods and safety abroad, many also move within the continent for similar reasons. Individuals from countries like Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal often migrate to neighboring states or regions with more robust economies, such as Countries with urban areas like Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya and Rwanda, or Morocco, are leading destinations because of the employment prospects and better living conditions.

Environmental factors, , play a critical role in shaping migration within Africa. Environmental changes such as desertification, drought, and flooding force people to leave their regions in search of stability. These weather conditions affect agricultural activities and facilitate diseases which in turn forces people to migrate to less affected areas. Regions like the Sahel and the Horn of Africa are particularly vulnerable to climate change.

The complexities of intra-African migration go beyond mere economic considerations. The history, culture, and political systems of African nations shape migration patterns. Borders, often arbitrarily drawn, continue to affect the movement of people, sometimes leading to tensions and disputes. Ethnic groups divided by national boundaries seek to reunite or maintain cultural ties, resulting in cross-border migrations that can be politically sensitive.

Political instability and conflict are also significant drivers of migration within Africa. Countries experiencing civil wars, insurgencies, or political persecution often see large numbers of people fleeing to neighboring nations.

The displacement of people due to conflicts in regions like the Great Lakes, the Sahel, and the Horn of Africa has led to protracted refugee situations, straining the resources and infrastructure of host countries. Currently, there are over 30 million refugees and asylum seekers within Africa and war and conflicts are responsible for the displacement of more than 18 million of these people.

Social infrastructure like hospitals, schools, libraries, etc pull people from rural to urban areas. Countries with more advanced and sustainable social services structures available, experience a high influx of people in need of these services. Countries like Egypt and Morocco have high immigrant numbers for people seeking to utilize their educational and health sectors.

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Migration within the continent has impacts that affect the continent positively and negatively. They not only affect the continent but the individuals, communities and countries. Internal migration stimulates economic growth in urban areas. Due to the increase in new arrivals and labour availability, it can cause a strain on urban infrastructure and availability of jobs in these urban areas.

Migration within the continent brings about a shift in demography. It brings people with diverse social backgrounds together and promotes multi-cultural cohabitation. This affects cohesion, community structures, and local cultures. Internal migration also influences political dynamics, voting patterns and the allocation of resources. In areas affected by conflict, internal migration might strain the regional stability and security.

In as much as environmental challenges facilitate migration within the continent, increased urbanization also increases environmental pressure and pollution. These can be rectified by enforcing adequate urban planning and deployment of sustainable measures.

Internal migration within Africa is an important aspect of the continent’s development. Economic, environmental, and social factors are reshaping the African landscape and are facilitating  migration within the continent is crucial for policymakers, urban planners, and development experts as they address the challenges and opportunities that come with a rapidly changing demographic and geographic landscape.

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In 2022, 160 million Africans living outside the continent sent $95 billion back home in remittances. It was reported that of that $95 billion, $53 billion went to Sub-Saharan African countries; Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, and Zimbabwe as the top destinations. This surpassed the $30 billion generated from Foreign Direct Investment and $29 billion in official development aid in the same year.

Through their financial remittance, Africans in Diaspora have been instrumental in driving investment and entrepreneurship within Africa. The funds have been instrumental as capital for business start-ups ranging from industries to real estate, tourism, and entertainment. Through these business startups and infrastructure projects, they bring expertise, and networks that stimulate local economies.

A lot of Africans in Europe and other parts of the world migrate to obtain educational degrees and professional certifications. This opens them up to a plethora of skills and knowledge that come in handy while abroad. On returning home, they often engage in capacity-building initiatives, training programs, mentorship, and knowledge transfer in various sectors; to the younger generation back home. This improves the skill and professional knowledgeability of young Africans.

Africans in diaspora play a significant role in promoting and preserving the African cultural heritage on the global stage. Through the use of arts, music, literature and some cultural practices, they contribute to a broader appreciation and understanding of African identity and diversity. African communities in diaspora also help in advocating policies that support development, social justice, and human rights within Africa.

Diaspora influence international relations and promotion of mutual understanding on a global context as they serve as a bridge between their host countries and African nations. Many Africans individually or through organisations facilitate humanitarian aid and philanthropy initiatives in healthcare, education, infrastructure, and community development, to address critical needs and foster sustainable growth.

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Africans in the Diaspora are increasingly participating in the political processes both within their host countries and their native countries in Africa. In the last Nigerian elections, some Nigerians came back home to participate in the elections and vote for their preferred candidates. Their involvement in the electoral process advocates inclusive governance, democratic reforms, and policies that support economic development and social justice.

Due to their exposure and knowledge in science and technology, Africans in diaspora leverage on their expertise to bring about innovations, contributing to the advancement of sectors like fintech, agriculture, renewable energy, and telecommunications. Their contribution to academia and research facilitate academic exchanges, research partnerships, and joint initiatives with international partners that strengthen educational institutions and research capabilities within Africa.

The contributions of Africans in Diaspora highlights the efforts of Africans in actualizing sustainable development within the continent. Their contributions transcend economic and financial aid but are wholesome as they not only equip the future generation with worthwhile skills but also showcase the beauty and diversity of the continent. African countries can harness this potential to achieve inclusive and resilient development goals.

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According to the World Bank, Africa received nearly $100 billion in remittances in 2022 alone, which was an increase from $48 billion in 2019. In Nigeria in 2021, diaspora migrants’ remittances to the country rose a little again $19.4 billion and 3.3 percent of the GDP. There was a recorded increase in 2022 of $20.3 billion accounting for 3.5 percent of the GDP. However, the trend is shifting from mere remittances for consumption to strategic investments aimed at creating long-term economic benefits.

Key Sectors in Africa Benefiting from Diaspora Investments

Real Estate and Infrastructure

The African diaspora has shown a growing interest in the real estate sector, driven by the desire to own property in their home countries and contribute to urban development. In countries such as Nigeria, Kenya, and Ghana, diaspora investments are fueling the construction of residential, commercial, and industrial properties, leading to job creation and improved living standards. According to Statista, the real estate market in Africa is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.92% from 2021 to 2028.

Agriculture

Agriculture remains the backbone of many African economies, and diaspora investments are helping to modernize this sector. By financing agribusiness ventures and supporting the adoption of new technologies, the diaspora is enhancing productivity and food security. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) highlights that diaspora-funded agricultural projects are improving livelihoods and creating jobs in rural areas, contributing to sustainable development.

Technology and Innovation

Africa’s technology sector is booming, and the diaspora is at the forefront of this revolution. Many African expatriates are leveraging their expertise and networks to support tech start-ups across the continent. In 2021, African tech start-ups raised a record $4.65 billion in funding, with significant contributions from diaspora investors. These investments are not only providing capital but also bringing in valuable mentorship and market access opportunities, fostering innovation and entrepreneurship.

Healthcare

Improving healthcare infrastructure is another area where diaspora investments are making a difference. From building hospitals to funding medical research, the contributions of the African diaspora are enhancing healthcare services. The African Diaspora Health Initiative (ADHI) has been instrumental in mobilizing resources for health projects across the continent. These efforts are improving healthcare delivery and outcomes, particularly in underserved communities.

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Education

Education is key to sustainable development, and the African diaspora is committed to advancing educational opportunities. Scholarships, funding for schools, and investments in educational technology are some of the ways the diaspora is contributing. Initiatives like the African Leadership Academy, supported by diaspora investments, are shaping the continent’s future leaders.

The Future of Diaspora Investments in Africa

As more Africans migrate and build wealth abroad, their capacity to invest back home increases. They bring much-needed capital, create jobs, enhance skills, and promote sustainable development across various sectors. The future of diaspora investments in Africa might look promising, but they’re only as powerful as the need to promote investment opportunities in Africa which is the catalyst for Africa’s economic growth.

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The World Bank recorded that in 2021, migrant workers contributed over $95 billion in remittances to Africa, benefiting more than 200 million family members, particularly those residing in rural areas. Remittances from the African diaspora increased by 6.2% in 2021, Sub-Saharan Africa received an estimated US$49 billion in remittances in 2021, with Nigeria leading the inflows, followed by Ghana, Kenya, and Senegal, and in 2022, remittances to and within Africa were estimated at over US$100 billion, benefiting millions of family members.

The magnitude of these remittances strongly reflects the commitment of Africans in the diaspora to participate in the economic development of the continent, according to Thabo Mbeki, “the African Diaspora holds a critical key to the development of our continent. Their skills, resources, and connections are vital in bridging the gap between potential and realization in Africa’s development journey,”. Diasporans are the largest investors in Africa by a fair margin.

According to the World Bank, the African diaspora, estimated at over 170 million people worldwide, is a vital link between the continent and the global economy.  Contributing through remittances, investment projects, skill transfer, and cultural influence, the African diaspora has continued to play an indispensable role in the development of their homelands. Their engagement has profound implications for economic development, poverty alleviation, and cultural exchange in African countries.

Remittances are a vital source of income for many African families, helping them meet basic needs such as food, education, healthcare, and housing. In countries like Nigeria, Egypt, and Kenya, remittances constitute a significant portion of GDP, providing financial support amidst economic challenges. These funds also contribute to human capital investment by financing education and healthcare, increasing literacy rates and skill levels, and improving health outcomes.

Remittances also fuel entrepreneurial activities, with many recipients starting small businesses that create jobs and stimulate local economies. The diaspora’s financial support plays a pivotal role in fostering entrepreneurship and economic self-sufficiency. Beyond remittances, the African diaspora is increasingly involved in direct investment projects in their home countries, investing heavily in real estate, agriculture, and technology. These investments contribute to urban infrastructure development, job creation, and innovation.

Diaspora communities are instrumental in preserving and promoting African cultural heritage through events, festivals, and exhibitions, fostering pride and identity among African communities and facilitating cultural exchange. They also significantly contribute to the arts and creative industries, drawing inspiration from their African heritage. The success of African films, music, and literature on the international stage enhances the visibility of African culture and stimulates creative industries in their home countries.

The African diaspora also has a significant impact on the global culinary scene, introducing African cuisine to new audiences and creating demand for traditional African ingredients. Their activism and advocacy efforts contribute to positive social change and the development of more inclusive and equitable societies.

What African Diasporans are saying:

Sarah Adebayo, a Nigerian-American entrepreneur, said, “Through the remittances and investments from our diaspora community, we’ve been able to build schools and healthcare facilities in my hometown. This has had a transformative impact on the local community.”

Mohamed Hassan, an Ethiopian residing in the UK, explains that: “Contributing to the GERD has been a point of pride for many of us in the diaspora. It’s more than just a dam; it’s a symbol of progress and self-reliance for Ethiopia.”

Jane Mwangi, a Kenyan fintech expert in the US, says: “Our involvement in developing platforms like M-Pesa shows the potential of the diaspora to drive technological innovation and financial inclusion in Kenya.”

Kwame Owusu, a Ghanaian investor living in Canada: “Investing in real estate back home has been incredibly rewarding. Not only have we developed modern housing projects in Accra, but we’ve also created numerous jobs in construction and property management. Seeing the tangible impact of our contributions makes us feel deeply connected to Ghana’s growth.”

Fatima Al-Mahdi, a Sudanese-American healthcare professional: “Through our organization, we’ve been able to provide critical medical supplies and training to hospitals in Sudan. The gratitude from the communities we serve is overwhelming. We’re not just sending money; we’re building a healthcare system that can sustain itself.”

Oluwatobi Akintola, a Nigerian tech entrepreneur in Silicon Valley: “Setting up a tech hub in Lagos has been a dream come true. We’ve managed to foster innovation and support young tech enthusiasts who are now developing apps that solve real problems. The energy and creativity in Nigeria are unparalleled, and I’m proud to be part of this technological revolution.”

Amina Mohammed, a Somali-American community organizer: “Our cultural events and festivals in the diaspora not only celebrate our heritage but also raise funds for educational programs in Somalia. It’s heartening to see our traditions bringing people together and making a difference back home.”

John Banda, a Malawian agricultural expert in Australia: “Through agricultural training programs and funding, we’ve introduced sustainable farming techniques to villages in Malawi. This has improved food security and increased crop yields, ensuring that communities can thrive even in challenging climates.”

Layla Ahmed, an Egyptian filmmaker in the UK: “My films, inspired by Egyptian culture and stories, have gained international acclaim. This visibility has not only put Egyptian cinema on the map but has also inspired many young filmmakers in Egypt to pursue their dreams.”

Eric Mathews, a Kenyan engineer in Germany: “By collaborating with local universities and industries, we’ve been able to transfer cutting-edge engineering skills to students in Kenya. This has led to the development of innovative solutions in infrastructure and technology, fostering a new generation of skilled professionals.”

Hawa Kamara, a Liberian educator in the US: “Establishing scholarships and educational programs for girls in Liberia has been my way of giving back. Education is the key to breaking the cycle of poverty, and seeing these young women excel is incredibly fulfilling.”

Kofi Agyeman, a Ghanaian chef in France:  “Introducing West African cuisine to new audiences has been a fantastic journey. Our restaurant in Paris not only showcases the rich flavors of Ghanaian food but also sources ingredients from Ghana, supporting local farmers and businesses.”

Aliyu Bello, a Nigerian activist in Canada: “Advocating for better governance and human rights in Nigeria through our diaspora network has made a significant impact. Our efforts have led to increased awareness and policy changes that benefit the people back home.”

Rita Kone, an Ivorian fashion designer in Italy: “Bringing African fashion to the European market has been transformative. Our designs, inspired by traditional Ivorian patterns and textiles, have gained international recognition, creating a market for African fashion and empowering local artisans.”

Samuel Tadesse, an Ethiopian academic in the US: “Participating in the Carnegie African Diaspora Fellowship Program has allowed me to collaborate with Ethiopian universities, enhancing academic standards and research capabilities. This exchange of knowledge is crucial for building a robust educational framework in Ethiopia.”

These testimonies highlight the multifaceted and impactful contributions of the African diaspora, showcasing how individuals leverage their skills, resources, and networks to foster development and improve lives in their home countries.

Despite the significant contributions of the African diaspora to homeland development, several challenges and opportunities shape their engagement. African governments can boost diaspora engagement by implementing supportive policies, creating institutional frameworks, and establishing diaspora desks. Public-private partnerships in infrastructure, healthcare, education, and technology can leverage diaspora resources and expertise. Advancements in technology can facilitate virtual skill transfer, investment opportunities, and cultural exchange. Issuing diaspora bonds and investment funds can mobilize financial resources for development projects. Strengthening diaspora networks and alliances can enhance collaboration and coordination among members, amplifying their impact on development.

The African diaspora’s contribution to homeland development is multifaceted and far-reaching. Through remittances, investment projects, skill transfer, and cultural influence, the diaspora plays a pivotal role in shaping the economic, social, and cultural landscapes of African countries. While challenges exist, the opportunities for leveraging diaspora engagement are vast. By fostering supportive policies, enhancing public-private partnerships, and leveraging technology, African countries can maximize the potential of their diaspora to drive sustainable development and achieve their development goals. The African diaspora, with its wealth of resources, skills, and cultural heritage, remains a vital force for the advancement and prosperity of our continent, Africa.

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